Polymorphisms in the gene encoding FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) — a regulator of steroid hormone signalling — influence the severity of musculoskeletal pain symptoms after trauma. Here, using Fkbp51-knockout mice and siRNA-induced silencing of Fkbp51 in the mouse spinal cord, Maiarù et al. demonstrate that FKBP51 regulates chronic but not acute pain states by modulating glucocorticoid signalling. Intrathecal administration of the FKBP51-specific inhibitor SAFit2 improved the mechanical hypersensitivity induced by ankle joint inflammation in mice.