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Imaging the charge distribution within a single molecule

Nature Nanotechnology volume 7, pages 227–231 (2012)Cite this article

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Abstract

Scanning tunnelling microscopy and atomic force microscopy can be used to study the electronic and structural properties of surfaces, as well as molecules and nanostructures adsorbed on surfaces, with atomic precision1,2,3,4,5,6,7, but they cannot directly probe the distribution of charge in these systems. However, another form of scanning probe microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, can be used to measure the local contact potential difference between the scanning probe tip and the surface, a quantity that is closely related to the charge distribution on the surface8,9,10,11,12. Here, we use a combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy to examine naphthalocyanine molecules (which have been used as molecular switches13) on a thin insulating layer of NaCl on Cu(111). We show that Kelvin probe force microscopy can map the local contact potential difference of this system with submolecular resolution, and we use density functional theory calculations to verify that these maps reflect the intramolecular distribution of charge. This approach could help to provide fundamental insights into single-molecule switching and bond formation, processes that are usually accompanied by the redistribution of charge within or between molecules14,15,16.

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Figure 1: STM and AFM imaging of naphthalocyanine on NaCl(2 ML)/Cu(111).
Figure 2: LCPD images of the tautomerization switching of naphthalocyanine.
Figure 3: Enhanced resolution in LCPD images by tip functionalization with CO.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank J. Repp, R. Allenspach and W. Riess for helpful comments. Financial support from EU projects Herodot and ARTIST, as well as the ERC Advanced Grant CEMAS, is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IBM Research–Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland

    Fabian Mohn, Leo Gross, Nikolaj Moll & Gerhard Meyer

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  1. Fabian Mohn
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  2. Leo Gross
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  3. Nikolaj Moll
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  4. Gerhard Meyer
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Contributions

F.M., L.G. and G.M. performed the experiments. F.M. and N.M. carried out the DFT calculations. F.M. wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Fabian Mohn.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Mohn, F., Gross, L., Moll, N. et al. Imaging the charge distribution within a single molecule. Nature Nanotech 7, 227–231 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.20

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