Charge carriers have been confined by exploiting the small difference between the bandgap energies of the two naturally occurring stable isotopes of carbon.
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Itoh, K. Isotopes for nanoelectronic devices. Nature Nanotech 4, 480–481 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.214
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.214
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