New data on the AIDS virus suggest that an HIV-1 subtype, ‘clade’ E, which is prevalent in Asia, may spread easily through mucosa, accounting for the greater efficiency of heterosexual spread of the disease in that part of the world.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Saag, M.S. et al. Extensive variation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro. Nature 334, 440–444. (1988).
Travers, K. et al. Natural protection against HIV-1 infection provided by HIV-2. Science 268, 1612–1615. (1995).
Kunanusont, C. et al. HIV-1 subtypes and male-to-female transmission in Thailand. Lancet 345, 1078–1083. (1995).
Jacquez, J.A., Koopman, J.S., Simon, C.P. & Longini, Jr., I.M. Role of the primary infection in epidemics of HIV infection in gay cohorts. J. Acquired Immun. Defic. Syndr. 7, 1169–1184. (1994).
Machado, A.A. et al. Neutralizing antibodies against highly cytopathic Zairian human immunodeficiency type-1 virus (HIV-1) NDK are present in sera outside Africa. Vaccine 13, 321–325. (1995).
Couto-Fernandez, J.C. et al. Genetic and antigenic variability of HIV type 1 in Brazil. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 10, 1157–1163. (1994).
Sabino, E.C. et al. Identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope genes recombinant between subtypes B and F in two epidemiologically linked individuals from Brazil. J. Virol 68, 6340–6346. (1994).
Diaz, R. et al. Dual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and recombination in a dually exposed transfusion recipient. J. Virol. 69, 3273–3281. (1995).
Louwagie, J. et al. Genetic diversity of the envelope glycoprotein from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates of African origin. J. Virol. 69, 263–271. (1995).
Artenstein, A. et al. Dual infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 of distinct envelope subtypes in humans. J. Inf. Dis. 171, 805–810. (1995).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Osborn, J. HIV: The more things change, the more they stay the same. Nat Med 1, 991–993 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1095-991
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1095-991