Abstract
Gene regulatory interactions are context dependent, active in some cellular states but not in others. Stochastic fluctuations, or 'noise', in gene expression propagate through active, but not inactive, regulatory links1,2. Thus, correlations in gene expression noise could provide a noninvasive means to probe the activity states of regulatory links. However, global, 'extrinsic', noise sources generate correlations even without direct regulatory links. Here we show that single-cell time-lapse microscopy, by revealing time lags due to regulation, can discriminate between active regulatory connections and extrinsic noise. We demonstrate this principle mathematically, using stochastic modeling, and experimentally, using simple synthetic gene circuits. We then use this approach to analyze dynamic noise correlations in the galactose metabolism genes of Escherichia coli. We find that the CRP-GalS-GalE feed-forward loop is inactive in standard conditions but can become active in a GalR mutant. These results show how noise can help analyze the context dependence of regulatory interactions in endogenous gene circuits.
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Acknowledgements
We thank M. Fontes, F. Tan, L. Cai, E. Franco, and all members of the Elowitz and Murray groups for their feedback and suggestions. H. Garcia provided advice on the chromosomal integration and gene knockout experiments. We thank J. Garcia-Ojalvo, U. Alon, R. Kishony, N. Rosenfeld and B. Shraiman for discussions. M.J.D. and R.M.M. are supported by the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies through grant DAAD19-03-D-0004 from the US Army Research Office. M.J.D. was additionally supported by a Department of Energy Computational Science Graduate Fellowship. This research was supported by US National Institutes of Health grants R01GM079771, P50 GM068763, National Science Foundation CAREER Award 0644463 and the Packard Foundation.
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Supplementary Text and Figures
Supplementary Figure 1 and Supplementary Note (PDF 157 kb)
Supplementary Movie 1
Movie of YFP (false colored in green) and RFP (red) for the chromosomally integrated synthetic circuit. Frames are spaced at a 10 minute interval. Selected frames from this movie are shown in Fig. 3B of the text. (AVI 264 kb)
Supplementary Movie 2
Movie of YFP and CFP for the chromosomally integrated synthetic circuit. (AVI 265 kb)
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Dunlop, M., Cox, R., Levine, J. et al. Regulatory activity revealed by dynamic correlations in gene expression noise. Nat Genet 40, 1493–1498 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.281
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.281
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