Abstract
Total RNA was extracted daily from the β-lactam antibiotic producing fungus A. chrysogenum strain CO728 during a 7 day cephalosporin C fermentation. IPNS mRNA species, with a size of about 1.5 kb, were detected by Northern blotting at high levels between days 2 and 4. The rapid appearance of IPNS mRNA in mycelial extracts up to day 2 suggests that IPNS is regulated at the transcriptional level. Primer extension and SI endonuclease mapping studies indicate the existence of two major and at least two minor transcription initiation start sites. There was no change in the relative levels of the four transcripts during the period they could be detected. A region upstream of the IPNS structural gene (pcbC) has been sequenced and the transcription initiation sites appear as major and minor pairs on either side of one of the pyrimidine-rich blocks that punctuate the promoter sequence.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zanca, D.M. and Martin, J.F. 1983. Carbon catabolite regulation of the conversion of penicillin N into cephalosporin C. J. Antibiot. 36: 700–708
Shen, Y.-Q., Heim, J., Solomon, N.A. and Demain, A.L. 1984. Repression of β-lactam production in Cephalosporium acremonium by nitrogen sources. Enz. Microb. Technol. 6: 402–404.
Kupka, J., Shen, Y.-Q., Wolfe, S. and Demain, A.L. 1983. Studies on the ring-cyclization and ring-expansion enzymes of β-lactam biosynthesis in Cephalosporium acremonium . Can. J. Microbiol. 29: 488–496.
Friedrich, C.G. and Demain, A.L. 1977. Homocitrate synthase as the crucial site of the lysine effect on penicillin biosynthesis. J. Antibiot. 30: 760–761.
Mehta, R.J., Speth, J.L. and Nash, C.H. 1979. Lysine stimulation of cephalosporin C synthesis. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 8: 177–182.
Alonso, M.J. and Luengo, J.M. 1987. Interference by methionine on valine uptake in Acremonium chrysogenum . Antimicrob. Ag. and Chemother. 31: 357–359.
Ramsden, M., McQuade, B.A., Saunders, K., Turner, M.K. and Harford, S. 1989. Characterisation of a loss of function mutation in the isopenicillin N synthetase gene of Acremonium chrysogenum . Gene, 85: 269–273.
Heim, J., Shen, Y.-Q., Wolfe, S. and Demain, A.L. 1984. Regulation of isopenicillin N synthetase and deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase by carbon source during the fermentation of Cephalosporium acremonium . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19: 232–236.
McQuade, B.A. The enzymology of isopenicillin N. PhD thesis, Council for National Academic Awards, 1987.
Shen, Y.-Q., Wolfe, S. and Demain, A.L. 1986. Levels of isopenicillin N synthetase and deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase in Cephalosporium acremonium producing high and low levels of cephalosporin C. Bio/Technology 4: 61–64.
Shirafugi, H., Fujisawa, Y., Kida, M., Kanzaki, T. and Yoneda, M. 1979. Accumulation of tripeptide derivatives by mutants of Cephalosporium acremonium . Agric. Biol. Chem. 43: 155–160.
Peberdy, J.F. 1987. Genetics of Acremonium . p. 107. In: Penicillium and Acremonium. Peberdy J.F. (Ed.). Plenum Publications, New York.
Samson, S.M., Belagaje, R., Blankenship, D.T., Chapman, J.L., Perry, D., Skatrud, P.L., VanFrank, R.M., Abraham, E.P., Baldwin, J.E., Queener, S.W. and Ingolia, T.D., 1985. Isolation, sequence determination and expression in Escherichia coli of the isopenicillin N synthetase gene from Cephalosporium acremonium . Nature 318: 191–194.
Skatrud, P.L., Queener, S.W., Carr, L.G., Fisher, D.L. 1987. Efficient integrative transformation of Cephalosporium acremonium . Curr. Genet. 12: 337–348.
Gurr, S.J., Unkles, S.E. and Kinghorn, J.R. 1987. The structure and organization of nuclear genes of filamentous fungi, p. 93–139. In: Gene Structure in Eukaryotic Microbes. Kinghorn, J.R. (Ed.). IRL Press, Oxford, UK.
Sanger, F., Miklen, S. and Coulson, A.R. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5463–5467.
Harford, S., Ramsden, M. and Jones, S.A. 1985. Unpublished results.
Kuck, U., Walz, M., Mohr, G. and Mracek, M. 1989. The 5′-sequence of the isopenicillin N-synthesase gene (pcbC) from Cephalosporium acremonium directs the expression of the prokaryotic hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hph) in Aspergillus niger . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 31: 358–365.
Smith, D.J., Bull, J.H., Edwards, J. and Turner, G. 1989. Amplification of the isopenicillin N synthetase gene in a strain of Penicillium chrysogenum producing high levels of penicillin. Mol. Gen. Genet. 216: 492–497.
Barredo, J.L., Cantoral, J.M., Alvarez, E., Diez, B., Martin, J.F. 1989. Cloning, sequence analysis and transcriptional study of the isopenicillin N synthetase of Penicillium chrysogenum AS-P-78. Mol. Gen. Genet. 216: 91–98.
Ballance, D.J. 1986. Sequences important for gene expression in filamentous fungi. Yeast 2: 229–236.
Dobson, M.J., Tuite, M.F., Roberts, N.A., Kingsman, A.J. and Kingsman, S.M. 1982. Conservation of high efficiency promoter sequences in Saccharomyces cereversiae . Nucl. Acids Res. 10: 2625–2637.
Kozak, M. 1981. Possible role of flanking nucleotides in recognition of the AUG initiator codon by eukaryotic ribosomes. Nucl. Acids Res. 9: 5233–5252.
Ramon, D., Carramolino, L., Patino, C., Sanchez, F. and Penalva, M.A. 1987. Cloning and characterisation of the iospenicillin N synthetase gene mediating the formation of the β-lactam ring in Aspergillus nidulans . Gene 57: 171–181.
Carr, L.G., Skatrud, P.L., Scheetz II, M.E., Queener, S.W. and Ingolia, T.D. 1986. Cloning and expression of the isopenicillin N synthetase gene from Penicillium chrysogenum . Gene 48: 257–266.
Samson, S.M., Dotzlaf, J.E., Slisz, M.L., Becker, G.W., Van Frank, R.M., Veal, L.E., Yeh, W.-K., Miller, J.R., Queener, S.W. and Ingolia, T.D. 1987. Cloning and expression of the fungal expandase/ hydroxylase gene involved in cephalosporin biosynthesis. Bio/Technology 5: 1207–1214.
Perez-Martinez, G. and Peberdy, J.F. 1985. Production of cephalosporin C, and its intermediates, by raised-titre strains of Acreminium chrysogenum . Enzyme Microb. Technol. 7: 389–394.
Sutherland, R. and Rolinson, G.N., 1978. Penicillins, methods of antibiotic assay, p. 171–178. In: Laboratory Methods in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Reeves, D., Phillips, I., Williams, J.D., and Wise, R. (Eds.). Churchill Livingstone, London, UK.
Dobson, M.J., Mellor, J., Roberts, N.A., Bowen, B.A., Kingsman, S.M. and Kingsman, A.J. 1984. The identification and high level expression of a protein encoded by the yeast Ty element. EMBO J. 3: 1115–1119.
Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E.F. and Stambrook, J. 1982. Molecular Cloning a Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York.
Williams, J.G. and Mason, P.J. 1985. Hybridisation in the analysis of RNA, p. 139–169. Nucleic acid hybridisation a practical approach. Hames B.D. and Higgins S.J. (Eds.). IRL Press, Oxford, UK.
Maxam, A.M. and Gilbert, W. 1977. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74: 560–564.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, A., Ramsden, M., Dobson, M. et al. Regulation of Isopenicillin N Synthetase (IPNS) Gene Expression in Acremonium Chrysogenum. Nat Biotechnol 8, 237–240 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0390-237
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0390-237