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A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization

Nature volume 489, pages 295–298 (2012)Cite this article

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Abstract

Human behaviour is thought to spread through face-to-face social networks, but it is difficult to identify social influence effects in observational studies9,10,11,12,13, and it is unknown whether online social networks operate in the same way14–19. Here we report results from a randomized controlled trial of political mobilization messages delivered to 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 US congressional elections. The results show that the messages directly influenced political self-expression, information seeking and real-world voting behaviour of millions of people. Furthermore, the messages not only influenced the users who received them but also the users’ friends, and friends of friends. The effect of social transmission on real-world voting was greater than the direct effect of the messages themselves, and nearly all the transmission occurred between ‘close friends’ who were more likely to have a face-to-face relationship. These results suggest that strong ties are instrumental for spreading both online and real-world behaviour in human social networks.

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Figure 1: The experiment and direct effects.
Figure 2: The effect of mobilization treatment that a friend received on a user’s behaviour.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to S. Aral, J. Berger, M. Cebrian, D. Centola, N. Christakis, C. Dawes, L. Gee, D. Green, C. Kam, P. Loewen, P. Mucha, J. P. Onnela, M. Porter, O. Smirnov and C. Volden for comments on early drafts. This work was supported in part by the James S. McDonnell Foundation, and the University of Notre Dame and the John Templeton Foundation as part of the Science of Generosity Initiative.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Political Science Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA,

    Robert M. Bond, Christopher J. Fariss, Jaime E. Settle & James H. Fowler

  2. Psychology Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA,

    Jason J. Jones

  3. Data Science, Facebook, Inc., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA ,

    Adam D. I. Kramer & Cameron Marlow

  4. Medical Genetics Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA,

    James H. Fowler

Authors
  1. Robert M. Bond
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  2. Christopher J. Fariss
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  4. Adam D. I. Kramer
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  5. Cameron Marlow
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  6. Jaime E. Settle
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  7. James H. Fowler
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Contributions

Author Contributions All authors contributed to study design, data collection, analysis and preparation of the manuscript. J.H.F. secured funding.

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Correspondence to James H. Fowler.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Supplementary Information

This file contains Supplementary Text and Data, Supplementary Tables 1-19, Supplementary Figures 1-6 and additional references. (PDF 4524 kb)

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Bond, R., Fariss, C., Jones, J. et al. A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature 489, 295–298 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11421

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