Abstract
Restriction fragment analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used to examine genetic variation and population structure of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. The total DNA of 89 individuals was digested with 10 restriction enzymes and probed with three cloned EcoRI fragments representing the entire mitochondrial genome (total length 16.1 kb). Five endonucleases revealed polymorphism, yielding 12 haplotypes in combination. Nucleotide diversity indices (δ) between haplotypes ranged from 0.18 to 0.92 per cent with an average value (π) of 0.27 per cent, a comparatively low figure that possibly reflects a history of chronically small population numbers prior to the species' colonization of a suitable habitat engendered by agricultural settlement. Little, if any, differentiation was evident among locations or between prairie and parkland regions, areas spanned by a colour trait cline. Selective forces with respect to the latter must, therefore, be sufficiently powerful to withstand the attenuating effects of widespread gene flow, implied by the mtDNA data.
Similar content being viewed by others
Article PDF
References
Afonso, J M, Volz, A, Hernandez, M, Ruttkay, H, Gonzalez, M, Larruga, J M, Cabrera, V M, and Sperlich, D. 1990. Mitochondrial DNA variation and genetic structure in old-world populations of Drosophila subobscura. Mol Biol Evol, 7, 123–142.
Avise, J C, Arnold, J, Ball, R M, Bermingham, E, Lamb, T, Neigel, J, Reeb, C A, and Saunders, N C. 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: The mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst, 18, 489–522.
Avise, J C, Ball, R M, and Arnold, J. 1988. Current versus historical population sizes in vertebrate species with high gene flow: A comparison based on mitochondrial DNA lineages and inbreeding theory for neutral mutations. Mol Biol Evol, 5, 331–344.
Baba-Aïssa, F, Solignac, M, Dennebouy, N, and David, J R. 1988. Mitochondrial DNA variability in Drosophila simulons: quasi absence of polymorphism within each of the three cytoplasmic races. Heredity, 61, 419–426.
Ball, R M, Freeman, S, James, F G, Bermingham, E, and Avise, J C. 1988. Phylogeographic population structure of red-winged blackbirds assessed by mitochondrial DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 85, 1558–1562.
Becker, I I, Grant, W S, Kirby, R, and Robb, F T. 1988. Evolutionary divergence between sympatric species of southern African Hakes, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus. II. Restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Heredity, 61, 21–30.
Beirne, B P. 1972. Pest insects of annual crop plants in Canada. Part V. Orthoptera. Memoirs of the Ent Soc Canada, No. 85, pp., 57.
Boyce, T M, Zwick, M E, and Aquadro, C F. 1989. Mitochondrial DNA in the bark weevils: Size, structure and heteroplasmy. Genetics, 123, 825–836.
Brooks, A R. 1958. Acridoidea of Southern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba (Orthoptera). Can Ent Suppl, 9, 1–92.
Chang, H, Wang, D, and Ayala, F J. 1989. Mitochondrial DNA evolution in the Drosophila nasuta subgroup of species. J Mol Evol, 28, 337–348.
Chapco, W. 1987. Genetic variation in three subspecies of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.). I. Morphometric traits. Genome, 29, 793–801.
Chapco, W. 1989. Comparative variation at four enzyme loci in ten Melanopline grasshoppers. Experientia, 45, 196–198.
Chapco, W. 1991. Hybridization studies in the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) (Acrididae). Can Ent, 123, 417–423.
Chapco, W, and Bidochka, M J. 1986. Genetic variation in prairie populations of Melanoplus sanguinipes, the migratory grasshopper. Heredity, 56, 397–408.
Chapco, W, Bidochka, M J, and Hodson, F R H. 1987. Further genetic studies of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) populations. In: Baccetti, B. (ed.) Evolutionary Biology of Orthopteroid Insects, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp. 177–183.
Cockburn, A F, Mitchell, S E, and Seawright, J A. 1990. Cloning of the mitochondrial genome of Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol, 14, 31–36.
Desalle, R, Giddings, L V, and Templeton, A R. 1986. Mitochondrial DNA variability in natural populations of Hawaiian Drosophila. I. Methods and levels of variability in D. silvestris and D. heteroneura populations. Heredity, 56, 75–85.
Endler, J A. 1977. Geographic Variation, Speciation, and Clines. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Excoffier, L. 1990. Evolution of human mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for departure from a pure neutral model of populations at equilibrium. J Mol Biol, 30, 125–139.
Feinberg, A P, and Voglestein, B. 1983. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal Biochem, 132, 6–13.
Feinberg, A P, and Vogelstein, B. 1984. High specific activity labelling of DNA restriction endonuclease fragments: Addendum Anal Biochem, 137, 266.
Felsenstein, J. 1988. PHYLIP (Phytogeny Inference Package) Version 3.1 Manual., Seattle, Washington.
Gonzalez, A M, Hernandez, M, Volz, A, Pestano, J, Larruga, J M, Sperlich, D, and Cabrera, V M. 1990. Mitochondrial DNA evolution in the obscura species subgroup of Drosophila. J Mol Biol, 31, 122–131.
Gurney, A B, and Brooks, A R. 1959. Grasshoppers of the Mexicanus group, Genus Melanoplus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Proc US Natl Mus, 110, 1–93.
Hale, L R, and Singh, R S. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA variation and genetic structure in populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Biol Evol, 4, 622–637.
Hall, H G, and Muralidharan, K. 1989. Evidence from mitochondrial DNA that African honey bees spread as continuous maternal lineages. Nature, 339, 211–213.
Harris, L. 1987. Grasshopper control in Saskatchewan. An overview from an extension worker's perspective. In: Grasshopper Workers' Conference Proceedings (Abstract). Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Boston.
Harrison, R G. 1989. Animal mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker in population and evolutionary biology. Trends Ecol Evol, 4, 6–11.
Harrison, R G, Rand, D M, and Wheeler, W C. 1985. Mitochondrial DNA size variation within individual crickets. Science, 228, 1446–1448.
Kambhampati, S, and Rai, K S. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA variation within and among populations of the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Genome, 34, 288–292.
Maniat, T, Fritsch, E F, and Sambrook, J. 1982. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Publications, Cold Spring Harbor.
Marchant, A D. 1988. Apparent introgression of mitochondrial DNA across a narrow hybrid zone in the Caledia captiva species-complex. Heredity, 60, 39–46.
Martin, A, and Simon, C. 1990. Differing levels of among-population divergence in the mitochondrial DNA of periodical cicadas related to historical biogeography. Evolution, 44, 1066–1080.
McAnelly, M L, and Rankin, M A. 1986. Migration in the grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.). II. Interactions between flight and reproduction. Biol Bull, 170, 378–392.
McCracken, A, Uhlenbusch, I, and Gellissen, G. 1987. Structure of the cloned Locusta migratoria mitochondrial genome: restriction mapping and sequence of its ND-1 (URF-1)) gene. Curr Genet, 11, 625–630.
Nei, M. 1982. Evolution of human races at the gene level. In: Bonné-Tamir, B. (ed.) Human Genetics, Part A: The Unfolding Genome, A. Liss, New York, pp. 167–181.
Nei, M. 1987. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press, New York.
Nei, M, and Li, W-H. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 76, 5269–5273.
Parker, J R, Newton, R C, and Shotwell, R L. 1955. Observations of mass flights and other activities of the migratory grasshopper. US Dept Agr Tech Bull, 1109, 1–46.
Pfadt, R E. 1988. Field Guide to Common Western Grasshoppers. USDA APHIS Laramie, Wyoming.
Pfadt, R E, and Smith, D S. 1972. Net reproductive rate and capacity for increase of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.). Acrida, 1, 149–165.
Pickford, R, and Gillott, C. 1972. Coupling behaviour of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Can Ent, 104, 873–879.
Pickford, R, and Randell, R L. 1969. A non-diapause strain of the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Can Ent, 101, 894–896.
Powers, T O, Jensen, S G, Kindler, S D, Stryker, C J, and Sandall, L J. 1989. Mitochondrial DNA divergence among greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes. Ann Entomol Soc Am, 82, 298–302.
Riegert, P W. 1968. A history of grasshopper abundance surveys and forecasts of outbreaks in Saskatchewan. Memoirs of the Ent Soc Canada, No. 52, pp., 99.
Roehrdanz, R L. 1990. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the boll weevil: restriction site map, genome organization, and geographical polymorphism. Genome Abstract no. 1.156 Genetics Society of America, Annual Meeting, San Francisco.
Roehrdanz, R L, and Johnson, D A. 1988. Mitochondrial DNA variation among geographical populations of the screw-worm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax. J Med Entomol, 25, 136–141.
Rusche, J R, and Howard-Flanders, P. 1985. Hexamine cobalt chloride promotes intermolecular ligation of blunt end DNA fragments by T4 DNA ligase. Nucl Acids Res, 13, 1997–2008.
Schmitz, J, and Moritz, R F A. 1990. Mitochondrial DNA variation in social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Experientia, 46, 1068–1072.
Smith, R C. 1954. An analysis of 100 years of grasshopper populations in Kansas (1854 to 1954). Trans Kans Acad Sci, 57, 397–433.
Solignac, M, Monnerot, M, and Mounolou, J-C. 1986. Mitochondrial DNA evolution in the melanogaster species subgroup of Drosophila. J Mol Biol, 23, 31–40.
Southern, E M. 1975. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol, 98, 503–517.
Storer, J. 1989. Geological History of Saskatchewan. Govt, of Saskatchewan, Regina.
Tamura, K, and Aotsuka, T. 1988. Rapid isolation method of animal mitochondrial DNA by the alkaline lysis procedure. Biochem Genet, 26, 815–819.
Templeton, A R. 1983. Phylogenetic inference from restriction endonuclease cleavage site maps with particular reference to the evolution of humans and apes. Evolution, 37, 221–244.
Trick, M, and Dover, G A. 1984. Genetic relationships between subspecies of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans inferred from variation in mitochondrial DNA sequences. Can J Genet Cytol, 26, 692–697.
Vickery, V R. 1979. Notes on some Canadian Acrididae (Orthoptera). Can Ent, 111, 699–702.
Vickery, V R. 1989. The biogeography of Canadian Grylloptera and Orthoptera. Can Ent, 121, 389–424.
Vickery, V R, and McE Kevan, D K. 1983. A Monograph of the Orthopteroid Insects of Canada and Adjacent Regions. Lyman Entomol Mus and Res Lab Memoir 13, 681–1462.
Wilson, A C, Cann, R L, Carr, S M, George, M, Gyllensten, U B, Helm-Bychowski, K M, Higuchi, R G, Palumbi, S R, Prager, E M, Sage, R D, and Stoneking, M. 1985. Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics. Biol J Linn Soc, 26, 375–400.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chapco, W., Kelln, R. & McFadyen, D. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. Heredity 69, 547–557 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1992.170
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1992.170
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Genetic analysis of two Portuguese populations of Ruditapes decussatus by RAPD profiling
Helgoland Marine Research (2011)
-
Unusual mitochondrial genome in introduced and native populations of Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel)
Heredity (1996)
-
Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of the screwworm,Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil
Biochemical Genetics (1995)
-
Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of the screwworm,Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil
Biochemical Genetics (1995)
-
Mitochondrial DNA variation in North American Oedipodinae
Biochemical Genetics (1995)