Abstract
Purpose
The post-LASIK exacerbation of corneal dystrophy, otherwise asymptomatic, is almost exclusively associated with the TGFBI gene mutations at codon 124 in exon 4 and codon 555 in exon 12. It is our intention to demonstrate that the pre-operative genetic screening for TGFBI mutations should be mandatory for refractive surgery candidates.
Patients and Methods
In this study, we reviewed the proband’s post-LASIK slit-lamp and in vivo confocal microscopy images and genetic testing results, and performed genetic testing on eleven additional members of the family to investigate the penetrance of corneal dystrophy in asymptomatic members who carry the mutation.
Results
The proband demonstrated a post-LASIK exacerbation of Granular Corneal Dystrophy type 2 (GCD2), identified as a TGFBI R124H mutation. Three of the 11 family members tested positive for the same R124H mutation as the proband.
Conclusion
The lesson learned from this case is that the genetic screening of TGFBI mutations must be incorporated into the pre-operative screening procedures to prevent exacerbation and recurrence, which eventually could lead to the need for a corneal transplant.
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Introduction
As the first report of autosomal-dominant Granular Corneal Dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) in individuals from Avellino, Italy1 in 1988, many cases of post-laser surgery exacerbation have been reported worldwide.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Inherited corneal dystrophy exacerbation is characterized by bilateral opacity in anterior corneal stroma leading to a severe decrease of the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and ultimately to surgical treatment.8, 9, 10
The Avellino Universal Test examines the five most common TGFBI corneal dystrophies, each triggered by different mutations in exons 4 and 12 of the TGFBI gene, located on chromosome 5q31.1. Purified DNA is extracted from oral epithelial cells collected by buccal swabs and the genotype of the LASIK candidate obtained by amplifying the targeted DNA point mutations (Table 1).
Herein, we report the results of ophthalmic and genetic examination of an individual with post-LASIK GCD2 and his family from Jiangsu province, China.
Case series
Case 1
The proband is a 29-year-old Chinese male who underwent bilateral LASIK surgery in 2006. The post-operative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) in both eyes was 20/20. He had an uneventful post-operative course and did not have regular follow-up examinations after the surgery. In July 2016, 10 years after LASIK surgery, he was referred to Shanghai First People's Hospital for evaluation of dryness, foreign body sensation, and mildly decreased vision acuity in both eyes. The findings were opacities in both of his corneas. Slip-lamp examination was conducted (Figure 1a and b). His UCVA was 16/20 in the right eye and 12/20 in the left eye. The manifest refraction was −1.00 diopters cylinder Ă— 30 oculus dexter and −0.5 oculus sinister, yielding a BCVA of 20/20 in the right eye and 16/20 in the left eye. Subsequent examination by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) revealed a large quantity of dense white deposits of various shapes and sizes which presented as hyper-reflective extracellular structures located mainly in the anterior stroma (Figure 1c and d).
To uncover the cause of these deposits, the proband underwent genetic testing with the Universal Test (Avellino Labs China, Shanghai, China) which showed that he harbored a heterozygous R124H GCD2 mutation but not the R124C LCD1, R124L RBCD, R555W GCD1 or R555Q TBCD mutations (Table 1).
Case 2
The proband’s older sister is a 38-year-old female without any history of ocular surgery, eye complaints, or decreased vision. Following DNA testing, which revealed a heterozygous result for the R124H mutation, she was evaluated by IVCM which demonstrated similar hyper-reflective extracellular opacities at the anterior stroma with fewer, lower density deposits (Figure 1e and f).
Case 3
GCD2 is an autosomal-dominant disorder caused by the R124H TGFBI mutation. A study of 10 family members, in addition to the proband and his sister, was conducted and a family tree with test results was constructed (Figure 2d). The proband’s mother and his 15-year-old nephew (his sister’s son) also tested positive. Slit-lamp examination and IVCM were not conducted on these individuals due to limited access to a suitably equipped medical facility. Testing showed that the proband’s 7-year-old son had not inherited the mutation. The mutation status of the proband’s grandparents was unknown. Since the proband’s aunt tested negative and the medical history of the deceased uncle is unknown, it is unclear whether the proband’s mother inherited the mutation or it arose de novo.
Discussion
Corneal dystrophies contraindicate refractive surgery due to the likelihood of recurrence and exacerbation. As they may be difficult to determine by family history and clinical examination alone, a genetic test to detect TGFBI mutations should be incorporated into standard practice as one of the prescreening tools for refractive surgeries. In Case 1, the patient displayed no clinical symptoms and passed the LASIK surgery prescreening examination. Ten years after surgery, he developed symptoms that affected his vision. A genetic test identified that most likely the cause of the stromal deposits was the TGFBI R124H heterozygous mutation. The proband’s 15-year-old nephew inherited the mutation from proband’s sister, who tested positive for the mutation without symptoms; however, the examination conducted after the testing revealed that she too had corneal stromal deposits. These two cases demonstrate that a lack of clinical signs does not mean the absence of corneal dystrophy-causing mutations. It is justified to test the asymptomatic refractive surgery candidates to rule out disease-causing mutations.
Corneal dystrophy is a disease with a low prevalence (US: 1:1115,11 Korea: 1:870,12 China 1:4167) and debilitating outcome, ultimately resulting in corneal transplant as a treatment. The recurrent nature of the disease can result in multiple corneal transplants. Therefore, prevention and prescreening with a genetic test to detect the mutations, in addition to a thorough clinical examination is key.
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful for all the unconditional support provided by Mr Gene Lee and the Avellino Labs China staff. In addition, we thank the support from the Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Finally, we thank the family members who participated in this study.
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John Marshall is a consultant to Avellino Lab USA, Inc., Frost Professor at Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK. Tara Moore is a consultant to Avellino Lab USA, Inc., Director of the Biomedical Sciences Research Institute and Professor of Personalized Medicine at University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK. M Andrew Nesbit is a Senior Lecturer at University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK. Rao Me is an Ophthalmologist and BL Ke is Professor of Ophthalmology at Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Larry DeDionisio is an employee of Avellino Lab USA, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA. Connie Chao-Shern is a PhD student at University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK and an employee of Avellino Lab USA, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA. The authors declare no conflict of interests. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.
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Chao-Shern, C., Me, R., DeDionisio, L. et al. Post-LASIK exacerbation of granular corneal dystrophy type 2 in members of a chinese family. Eye 32, 39–43 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2017.265
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2017.265