Abstract
ALTHOUGH stars form from clouds of gas and dust, there are insig-nificant amounts of gas around ordinary (Sun-like) stars. This suggests that hydrogen and helium, the primary constituents of planets such as Jupiter and Saturn, are not easily retained in orbit as a star matures. The gas-giant planets in the Solar System must therefore have formed rapidly. Models of their formation generally suggest that a solid core formed in ⩽106 yr, followed by the accretion of the massive gaseous envelope in ∼107 yr (refs 1–5). But how and when the gas of the solar nebula dissipated, and how this compares with the predicted timescale of gas-giant formation, remains unclear6,7, in part because direct observations of circumstellar gas have been made only for stars either younger or older than the critical range of 106–107 yr (refs 8–15). Here we report observations of the molecular gas surrounding 20 stars whose ages are likely to be in this range. The gas dissipates rapidly; after a few million years the mass remaining is typically much less than the mass of Jupiter. Thus, if gas-giant planets are common in the Galaxy, they must form even more quickly than present models suggest.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 51 print issues and online access
$199.00 per year
only $3.90 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ruden, S. P. & Pollack, J. B. Astrophys. J. 375, 740–760 (1991).
Podolak, M., Hubbard, W. B. & Pollack, J. B. in Protostars & Planets III (eds Levy, E. H. & Lunine, J. I.) 1109–1147 (Univ. Arizona, Tucson, 1993).
Lissauer, J. J. A. Rev. Astr. Astrophys. 31, 129–174 (1993).
Wetherill, G. W. in Planetary Systems: Formation, Evolution, and Detection (ed. Roettger, E.) (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, in the press).
Lissauer, J. J., Pollack, J. B., Wetherill, G. W. & Stevenson, D. J. in Neptune (ed. Cruikshank, D.) (Univ. Arizona, Tucson, in the press).
Lin, D. N. C. & Papaloizou, J. in Protostars & Planets II (eds Black, D. C. & Matthews, M. S.) 981–1072 (Univ. Arizona, Tucson, 1985).
Adams, F. C. & Lin, D. N. C. in Protostars & Planets III (eds Levy, E. H. & Lunine, J. I.) 721–748 (Univ. Arizona, Tucson, 1993).
Sargent, A. I. & Beckwith, S. V. W. Astrophys. J. 382, L31–L35 (1991).
Weintraub, D. A., Masson, C. R. & Zuckerman, B. Astrophys. J. 344, 915–924 (1989).
Kawabe, R., Ishiguro, M., Omodaka, T., Kitamura, Y. & Miyama, S. M. Astrophys. J. 404, L63–L66 (1993).
Koerner, D. W., Sargent, A. I. & Beckwith, S. V. W. Icarus 106, 2–10 (1993).
Koerner, D. W., Sargent, A. I. & Beckwith, S. V. W. Astrophys. J. 408, L93–L96 (1993).
Dutrey, A., Guilloteau, S. & Simon, M. Astr. Astrophys. 286, 149–159 (1994).
Skrutskie, M. F. et al. Astr. J. 102, 1749–1752 (1991).
Yamashita, T. et al. Astrophys. J. 402, L65–L67 (1993).
Wetherill, G. W. Science 253, 535–538 (1991).
Oudmaijer, R. D. et al. Astr. Astrophys. Suppl. 96, 625–643 (1992).
Gregorio-Hetem, J., Lépine, J. R. D., Quast, G. R., Torres, C. A. O. & de la Reza, R. Astr. J. 103, 549–563 (1992).
Zuckerman, B. & Becklin, E. E. Astrophys. J. 406, L25–L28 (1993).
Fekel, F. C. & Bopp, B. W. Astrophys. J. 419, L89–L92 (1993).
Jura, M., Zuckerman, B., Becklin, E. E. & Smith, R. C. Astrophys. J. 418, L37–L40 (1993).
Prinn, R. G. in Protostars & Planets III (eds Levy, E. H. & Lunine, J. I.) 1005–1028 (Univ. Arizona, Tucson, 1993).
Sargent, A. I. & Welch, W. J. A. Rev. Astr. Astrophys. 31, 297–343 (1993).
Omodaka, T., Kitamura, Y. & Kawazoe, E. Astrophys. J. 396, L87–L90 (1992).
Beckwith, S. V. W. & Sargent, A. I. Astrophys. J. 402, 280–291 (1993).
Stevenson, D. J. & Lunine, J. I. Icarus 75, 146–155 (1988).
Lissauer, J. J. Icarus 69, 249–265 (1987).
D'Antona, F. & Mazzitelli, I. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 90, 467–500 (1994).
Soderblom, D. R., Stauffer, J. R., Hudon, J. D. & Jones, B. F. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 85, 315–346 (1993).
Zuckerman, B. in Circumstellar Dust Disks and Planet Formation (eds Ferlet, R. & Vidal-Madjar, A.) (Editions Frontieres, Gif sur Yvette, in the press).
Stencel, R. E. & Backman, D. E. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 75, 905–924 (1991).
Beckwith, S. V. W & Sargent, A. I. in Protostars & Planets III (eds Levy, E. H. & Lunine, J. L.) 521–541 (Univ. Arizona, Tucson, 1993).
Jensen, E. L. N., Mathieu, R. D. & Fuller, G. A. Astrophys. J. 429, L29–L32 (1994).
Strom, S. E. Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica 29, 23–29 (1994).
Hobbs, L. M., Vidal-Madjar, A., Ferlet, R., Albert, C. E. & Gry, C. Astrophys. J. 293, L29–L33 (1985).
Zuckerman, B. & Becklin, E. E. Astrophys. J. 414, 793–802 (1993).
Savoldini, M. & Galletta, G. Astr. Astrophys. 285, 467–468 (1994).
Tielens, A. G. G. M., Tokunaga, A. T., Geballe, T. R. & Bass, F. Astrophys. J. 381, 181–199 (1991).
Chiar, J. E., Adamson, A. J., Kerr, T. H. & Whittet, D. C. B. Astrophys. J. 426, 240–248 (1994).
Herbst, W. & Koret, D. L. Astr. J. 96, 1949–1955 (1988).
Franchini, M., Covino, E., Stalio, R., Terranegra, L. & Chavarria, K. C. Astr. Astrophys. 256, 525–532 (1992).
Wolszczan, A. & Frail, D. A. Nature 355, 145–147 (1992).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zuckerman, B., Forveille, T. & Kastner, J. Inhibition of giant-planet formation by rapid gas depletion around young stars. Nature 373, 494–496 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1038/373494a0
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/373494a0
This article is cited by
-
Herbig Stars
Space Science Reviews (2023)
-
Origin and Evolution of Cometary Nuclei
Space Science Reviews (2020)
-
Disk Dispersal: Theoretical Understanding and Observational Constraints
Space Science Reviews (2016)
-
Five steps in the evolution from protoplanetary to debris disk
Astrophysics and Space Science (2015)
-
Formation of sharp eccentric rings in debris disks with gas but without planets
Nature (2013)
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.