Abstract
Despite extensive effort in improvement of diagnosis and treatment of patients with lung cancer in past three decades, the overall survival of patients with the disease remains dismal. Because the development of lung cancer takes a few decades, early diagnosis of the disease or identification of truly high-risk populations may provide us opportunity to successfully cure or prevent the disease. Recent advances in understanding biological basis of lung tumorigenesis provide new tools for detecting malignant cells or the process of malignant transformation and progression. Along with identification of molecular abnormalities in the early lung tumorigenesis, advanced molecular analytic technologies have been emerged, which may facilitate development of rapid and effective methods for early diagnosis and risk assessment. Here, I discuss recent progresses in understanding of early molecular abnormalities in lung cancer, efforts of translating laboratory findings to clinical tests, and prospective of biomarkers in lung cancer diagnosis and risk assessment.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 50 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $5.18 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahrendt SA, Chow JT, Xu LH, Yang SC, Eisenberger CF, Esteller M, Herman JG, Wu L, Decker PA, Jen J, Sidransky D . 1999 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91: 332–339
Albanell J, Lonardo F, Rusch V, Engelhardt M, Langenfeld J, Han W, Klimstra D, Venkatraman E, Moore MA, Dmitrovsky E . 1997 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89: 1609–1615
Allan JM, Hardie LJ, Briggs JA, Davidson LA, Watson JP, Pearson SB, Muers MF, Wild CP . 2001 Int. J. Cancer 91: 359–365
Aoyagi Y, Yokose T, Minami Y, Ochiai A, Iijima T, Morishita Y, Oda T, Fukao K, Noguchi M . 2001 Cancer Res. 61: 7950–7954
Bauer C, Diesinger I, Brass N, Steinhart H, Iro H, Meese EU . 2001 Cancer 92: 822–829
Baylin SB, Herman JG, Graff JR, Vertino PM, Issa JP . 1998 Adv. Cancer Res. 72: 141–196
Belinsky SA, Nikula KJ, Palmisano WA, Michels R, Saccomanno G, Gabrielson E, Baylin SB, Herman JG . 1998 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 11891–11896
Bessho A, Tabata M, Kiura K, Takata I, Nagata T, Fujimoto N, Kunisada K, Ueoka H, Harada M . 2000 Anticancer Res. 20: 1149–1154
Brichory FM, Misek DE, Yim AM, Krause MC, Giordano TJ, Beef DG, Hanash SM . 2001a Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 9824–9829
Brichory F, Beer D, Le Naour F, Giordano T, Hanash S . 2001b Cancer Res. 61: 7908–7912
Burbee DG, Forgacs E, Zochbauer-Muller S, Shivakumar L, Fong K, Gao B, Randle D, Kondo M, Virmani A, Bader S, Sekido Y, Latif F, Milchgrub S, Toyooka S, Gazdar AF, Lerman MI, Zabarovsky E, White M, Minna JD . 2001 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93: 691–699
Caballero OL, Cohen D, Liu Q, Esteller M, Bonacum J, White P, Engles J, Yochem R, Herman JG, Westra WH, Lengauer C, Sidransky D, Jen J . 2001 Genes Chrom. Cancer 32: 119–125
Carbone DP, Mitsudomi T, Chiba I, Piantadosi S, Rusch V, Nowak JA, McIntire D, Slamon D, Gazdar A, Minna J . 1994 Chest 106: 377S–381S
Cerny T, Barnes DM, Haselton P, Barber PV, Healy K, Gullick W, Thatcher N . 1986 Br. J. Cancer 54: 265–269
Chen JJ, Peck K, Hong TM, Yang SC, Sher YP, Shih JY, WU R, Cheng JL, Roffler SR, Wu CW, Yang PC . 2001 Cancer Res. 61: 5223–5230
Chen XQ, Stroun M, Magnenat JL, Nicod LP, Kurt AM, Lyautey J, Lederrey C, Anker P . 1996 Nat. Med. 2: 1033–1035
Chen YT, Scanlan MJ, Sahin U, Tureci O, Gure AO, Tsang S, Williamson B, Stockert E, Pfreundschuh M, Old LJ . 1997 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1914–1918
Dang TP, Gazdar AF, Virmani AK, Sepetavec T, Hande KR, Minna JD, Roberts JR, Carbone D . 2000 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92: 1355–1357
de Lange T . 1994 Activation of telomerase in a human tumor Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 2882–2885
De Luca A, Pignata S, Casamassimi A, D'Antonio A, Gridelli C, Rossi A, Cremona F, Parisi V, De Matteis A, Normanno N . 2000 Clin. Cancer Res. 6: 1439–1444
Eerola AK, Tormanen U, Rainio P, Sormunen R, Bloigu R, Vahakangas K, Lehto VP, Soini Y, Paakko P . 1997 J. Pathol. 181: 172–177
Esteller M, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Rosell R, Sidransky D, Baylin SB, Herman JG . 1999 Cancer Res. 59: 67–70
Evans SC, Viswanathan M, Grier JD, Narayana M, El-Naggar AK, Lozano G . 2001 Oncogene 20: 4041–4049
Feng G, Xu X, Youssef EM, Lotan R . 2001 Cancer Res. 61: 7999–8004
Fernandez-Madrid F, VandeVord PJ, Yang X, Karvonen RL, Simpson PM, Kraut MJ, Granda JL, Tomkiel JE . 1999 Clin. Cancer Res. 5: 1393–1400
Fielding P, Turnbull L, Prime W, Walshaw M, Field JK . 1999 Clin. Cancer Res. 5: 4048–4052
Fleischhacker M, Beinert T, Ermitsch M, Seferi D, Possinger K, Engelmann C, Jandrig B . 2001 Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 945: 179–188
Foa P, Fornier M, Miceli R, Seregni E, Santambrogio L, Nosotti M, Cataldo I, Sala M, Caldiera S, Bombardieri E . 1999 Anticancer Res. 19: 3613–3618
Gorgoulis V, Aninos D, Mikou P, Kanavaros P, Karameris A, Joardanoglou J, Rasidakis A, Veslemes M, Ozanne B, Spandidos DA . 1992 Anticancer Res. 12: 1183–1188
Graziano SL, Gamble GP, Newman NB, Abbott LZ, Rooney M, Mookherjee S, Lamb ML, Kohman LJ, Poiesz BJ . 1999 J. Clin. Oncology 17: 668–675
Greenlee RT, Hill-Harmon MB, Murray T, Thun M . 2001 CA Cancer J. Clin. 51: 15–36
Gure AO, Altorki NK, Stockert E, Scanlan MJ, Old LJ, Chen YT . 1998 Cancer Res. 58: 1034–1041
Harris CC, Hollstein M . 1993 N. Engl. J. Med. 329: 1318–1327
Henschke CI, McCauley DI, Yankelevitz DF, Naidich DP, McGuinness G, Miettinen OS, Libby DM, Pasmantier MW, Koizumi J, Altorki NK, Smith JP . 1999 Lancet 354: 99–105
Hibi K, Liu Q, Beaudry GA, Madden SL, Westra WH, Wehage SL, Yang SC, Heitmiller RF, Bertelsen AH, Sidransky D, Jen J . 1998 Cancer Res. 58: 5690–5694
Hirao T, Nelson HH, Ashok TD, Wain JC, Mark EJ, Christiani DC, Wiencke JK, Kelsey KT . 2001 Cancer Res. 61: 612–615
Iizasa T, Fujisawa T, Saitoh Y, Hiroshima K, Ohwada H . 1998 Cancer Immunol. Immunothera. 46: 345–349
Jang SJ, Soria JC, Wang L, Hassan KA, Morice RC, Walsh GL, Hong WK, Mao L . 2001 Cancer Res. 61: 7959–7963
Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi OP, Sudar D, Rutovitz D, Gray JW, Waldman F, Pinkel D . 1992 Science 258: 818–821
Karnak D, Ulubay G, Kayacan O, Beder S, Ibis E, Oflaz G . 2001 Lung 179: 57–65
Kersting M, Friedl C, Kraus A, Behn M, Pankow W, Schuermann M . 2000 J. Clin. Oncol. 18: 3221–3229
Kurusu Y, Yamashita J, Ogawa M . 1999 Surgery 126: 820–826
Lacal JC, Srivastava SK, Anderson PS, Aaronson SA . 1986 Cell 28: 609–617
Lee JC, Jong HS, Yoo CG, Han SK, Shim YS, Kim YW . 1998 Lung Cancer 21: 99–103
Levin NA, Brzoska PM, Warnock ML, Gray JW, Christman MF . 1995 Genes. Chrom. Cancer 13: 175–185
Li L, Liao J, Ruland J, Mak TW, Cohen SN . 2001 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 1619–1624
Liloglou T, Maloney P, Xinarianos G, Hulbert M, Walshaw MJ, Gosney JR, Turnbull L, Field JK . 2001 Cancer Res. 61: 1624–1628
Lingfei K, Pingzhang Y, Zhengguo L, Jianhua G, Yaowu Z . 1998 Cancer Lett. 130: 93–101
Mao L, Hruban RH, Boyle JO, Tockman M, Sidransky D . 1994a Cancer Res. 54: 1634–1637
Mao L, Lee DJ, Tockman MS, Erozan YS, Askin F, Sidransky D . 1994b Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 9871–9875
Mao L, Lee JS, Kurie JM, Fan YH, Lippman SM, Lee JJ, Ro JY, Broxson A, Yu R, Morice RC, Kemp BL, Khuri FR, Walsh GL, Hittelman WN, Hong WK . 1997 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89: 857–862
Merlo A, Herman G, Mao L, Lee DJ, Burger PC, Baylin SB, Sidransky D . 1995 Nat. Med. 1: 686–692
Miozzo M, Sozzi G, Musso K, Pilotti S, Incarbone M, Pastorino U, Pierotti MA . 1996 Cancer Res. 56: 2285–2288
Mishina T, Dosaka-Akita H, Kinoshita I, Hommura F, Morikawa T, Katoh H, Kawakami Y . 1999 Br. J. Cancer 80: 1289–1295
Mishina T, Dosaka-Akita H, Hommura F, Nishi M, Kojima T, Ogura S, Shimizu M, Katoh H, Kawakami Y . 2000 Clin. Cancer Res. 6: 11–16
Mitsudomi T, Suzuki S, Yatabe Y, Nishio M, Kuwabara M, Gotoh K, Hatooka S, Shinoda M, Suyama M, Ogawa M, Takahashi T, Ariyoshi Y, Takahashi T . 1998 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90: 1563–1568
Mulshine JL, De Luca LM, Dedrick RL, Tockman MS, Webster R, Placke ME . 2000 Cancer 89: Suppl 2465–2467
Nakajima E, Hirano T, Konaka C, Ikeda N, Kawate N, Ebihara Y, Kato H . 2001 Int. J. Oncol. 18: 105–110
Niklinski J, Niklinska W, Laudanski J, Chyczewska E, Chyczewski L . 2001 Lung Cancer 34: S53–S58
Nishio M, Koshikawa T, Kuroishi T, Suyama M, Uchida K, Takagi Y, Washimi O, Sugiura T, Ariyoshi Y, Takahashi T, Ueda R, Takahashi T . 1996 J. Clin. Oncol. 14: 497–502
Noel-Georis I, Bernard A, Falmagne P, Wattiez R . 2001 Dis. Markers 17: 271–284
Nuovo GJ, Plaia TW, Belinsky SA, Baylin SB, Herman JG . 1999 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 12754–12759
Oh JM, Brichory F, Puravs E, Kuick R, Wood C, Rouillard JM, Tra J, Kardia S, Beer D, Hanash S . 2001 Proteomics 1: 1301–1309
Oh Y, Proctor ML, Fan YH, Su LK, Hong WK, Fong KM, Sekido YS, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Mao L . 1998 Oncogene, 17: 1141–1148
Palmisano WA, Divine KK, Saccomanno G, Gilliland FD, Baylin SB, Herman JG, Belinsky SA . 2000 Cancer Res. 60: 5954–5958
Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J . 1999 CA Cancer J. Clin. 49: 33–64
Patz Jr EF, Goodman PC, Bepler G . 2000 N. Engl. J. Med. 343: 1627–1633
Petricoin EF, Ardekani AM, Hitt BA, Levine PJ, Fusaro VA, Steinberg SM, Mills GB, Simone C, Fishman DA, Kohn EC, Liotta LA . 2002 Lancet 359: 572–577
Pomeroy SL, Tamayo P, Gaasenbeek M, Sturla LM, Angelo M, McLaughlin ME, Kim JY, Goumnerova LC, Black PM, Lau C, Allen JC, Zagzag D, Olson JM, Curran T, Wetmore C, Biegel JA, Poggio T, Mukherjee S, Rifkin R, Califano A, Stolovitzky G, Louis DN, Mesirov JP, Lander ES, Golub TR . 2002 Nature 415: 436–442
Ponticiello A, Barra E, Giani U, Bocchino M, Sanduzzi A . 2000 Eur. Respir. J. 15: 547–552
Pujol JL, Cooper EH, Lehmann M, Purves DA, Dan-Aouta M, Midander J, Godard P, Michel FB . 1993 Br. J. Cancer 67: 1423–1429
Ramaswamy S, Tamayo P, Rifkin R, Mukherjee S, Yeang CH, Angelo M, Ladd C, Reich M, Latulippe E, Mesirov JP, Poggio T, Gerald W, Loda M, Lander ES, Golub TR . 2001 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 15149–15154
Richardson GE, Johnson BE . 1993 Semin. Oncol. 20: 105–127
Rosell R, Pifarre A, Monzo M, Astudillo J, Lopez-Cabrerizo MP, Calvo R, Moreno I, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Font A, Navas-Palacios JJ . 1997 Int. J. Cancer 74: 330–334
Rosenwald IB, Hutzler MJ, Wang S, Savas L, Fraire AE . 2001 Cancer 92: 2164–2171
Ruland J, Sirard C, Elia A, MacPherson D, Wakeham A, Li L, de la Pompa JL, Cohen SN, Mak TW . 2001 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 1859–1864
Rusch V, Baselga J, Cordon-Cardo C, Orazem J, Zaman M, Hoda S, McIntosh J, Kurie J, Dmitrovsky E . 1993 Cancer Res. 53: 2379–2385
Salgia R, Skarin AT . 1998 J. Clin. Oncol. 16: 1207–1217
Salgia R, Harpole D, Herndon II JE, Pisick E, Elias A, Skarin AT . 2001 Anticancer Res. 21: 1241–1246
Schauer IE, Siriwardana S, Langan TA, Sclafani RA . 1994 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 7827–7831
Scott FM, Modali R, Lehman TA, Seddon M, Kelly K, Dempsey EC, Wilson V, Tockman MS, Mulshine JL . 1997 Clin. Cancer Res. 3: 479–482
Sekine I, Yokose T, Ogura T, Suzuki K, Nagai K, Kodama T, Mukai K, Nishiwaki Y, Esumi H . 1997 Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 88: 559–563
Shriver SP, Bourdeau HA, Gubish CT, Tirpak DL, Davis AL, Luketich JD, Siegfried JM . 2000 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92: 24–33
Siegfried JM, Guentert PJ, Gaither AL . 1993 Anat. Rec. 236: 241–247
Sigalas I, Calvert AH, Anderson JJ, Neal DE, Lunec J . 1996 Nat. Med. 2: 912–917
Somers VA, Pietersen AM, Theunissen PH, Thunnissen FB . 1998 J. Clin. Oncol. 16: 3061–3068
Soria JC, Jang SJ, Khuri FR, Hassan K, Liu D, Hong WK, Mao L . 2000 Cancer Res. 60: 4000–4004
Soria JC, Moon C, Wang L, Hittelman WH, Jang SJ, Sun SY, Lee JJ, Liu D, Kurie JM, Morice RC, Lee JS, Hong WK, Mao L . 2001 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93: 1257–1263
Soria JC, Rodriguez M, Liu D, Lee JJ, Hong WK, Mao L . 2002 Cancer Res. 62: 351–355
Sozzi G, Veronese ML, Negrini M, Baffa R, Cotticelli MG, Inoue H, Tornielli S, Pilotti S, De Gregorio L, Pastorino U, Pierotti MA, Ohta M, Huebner K, Croce CM . 1996 Cell 85: 17–26
Sozzi G, Conte D, Mariani L, Lo Vullo S, Roz L, Lombardo C, Pierotti MA, Tavecchio L . 2001 Cancer Res. 61: 4675–4678
Speicher MR, Gwyn Ballard S, Ward DC . 1996 Nat. Genet. 12: 368–375
Sutedja TG, Venmans BJ, Smit EF, Postmus PE . 2001 Lung Cancer 34: 157–168
Takamochi K, Ogura T, Suzuki K, Kawasaki H, Kurashima Y, Yokose T, Ochiai A, Nagai K, Nishiwaki Y, Esumi H . 2001 Am. J. Path. 159: 1941–1948
Tang X, Khuri FR, Lee JJ, Kemp BL, Liu D, Hong WK, Mao L . 2000 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92: 1511–1516
Tas F, Aydiner A, Topuz E, Yasasever V, Karadeniz A, Saip P . 2000 J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 19: 477–481
Tockman MS, Mulshine JL, Piantadosi S, Erozan YS, Gupta PK, Ruckdeschel JC, Taylor PR, Zhukov T, Zhou WH, Qiao YL, Yao SX . 1997 Clin. Cancer Res. 3: 2237–2246
Tomizawa Y, Kohno T, Fujita T, Kiyama M, Saito R, Noguchi M, Matsuno Y, Hirohashi S, Yamaguchi N, Nakajima T, Yokota J . 1999 Oncogene 18: 1007–1014
Tseng JE, Rodriguez M, Ro J, Liu D, Hong WK, Mao L . 1999a Cancer Res. 59: 5666–5670
Tseng JE, Kemp BL, Khuri FR, Kurie JM, Lee JS, Zhou X, Liu D, Hong WK, Mao L . 1999b Cancer Res. 59: 4798–4803
Tsuchiya E, Nakamura Y, Weng SY, Nakagawa K, Tsuchiya S, Sugano H, Kitagawa T . 1992 Cancer Res. 52: 2478–2481
Usadel H, Brabender J, Danenberg KD, Jero'nimo C, Harden S, Engles J, Danenberg PV, Yang S, Sidransky D . 2002 Cancer Res. 62: 371–375
Virmani AK, Fong KM, Kodagoda D, McIntire D, Hung J, Tonk V, Minna JD, Gazdar AF . 1998 Genes Chrom. Cancer 21: 308–319
Virmani AK, Rathi A, Zochbauer-Muller S, Sacchi N, Fukuyama Y, Bryant D, Maitra A, Heda S, Fong KM, Thunnissen F, Minna JD, Gazdar AF . 2000 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92: 1303–1307
Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW . 1992 Cell 70: 523–526
Vousden KH . 2000 Cell 103: 691–694
Wang L, Lin SH, Wu WG, Kemp BL, Walsh G, Hong WK, Mao L . 2000a Clin. Cancer Res. 6: 2988–2993
Wang T, Hopkins D, Schmidt C, Silva S, Houghton R, Takita H, Repasky E, Reed SG . 2000b Oncogene 19: 1519–1528
Weber S, Suchkerman JE, Bostwick DG, Bensch KG, Sikie BL, Raffin TA . 1988 J. Clin. Invest. 75: 306–309
Westra WH, Baas IO, Hruban RH, Askin FB, Wilson K, Offerhaus GJ, Slebos RJ . 1996 Cancer Res. 56: 2224–2228
Wistuba II, Lam S, Behrens C, Virmani AK, Fong KM, LeRiche J, Samet JM, Srivastava S, Minna JD, Gazdar AF . 1997 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89: 1366–1373
Wu W, Fan YH, Kemp BL, Walsh G, Mao L . 1998 Cancer Res. 58: 4082–4085
Yamaguchi K, Patturajan M, Trink B, Usadel H, Koch W, Jen J, Sidransky D . 2000 Int. J. Cancer 89: 524–528
Yashima K, Litzky LA, Kaiser L, Rogers T, Lam S, Wistuba II, Milchgrub S, Srivastava S, Piatyszek MA, Shay JW, Gazdar AF . 1997 Cancer Res. 57: 2373–2377
Zhou X, Kemp BL, Khuri FR, Liu D, Lee JJ, Wu W, Hong WK, Mao L. (2000) . Clin. Cancer Res. 6: 559–565
Zochbauer-Muller S, Fong KM, Maitra A, Lam S, Geradts J, Ashfaq R, Virmani AK, Milchgrub S, Gazdar AF, Minna JD . 2001 Cancer Res. 61: 3581–3585
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mao, L. Recent advances in the molecular diagnosis of lung cancer. Oncogene 21, 6960–6969 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1205564
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1205564
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
PIG3 promotes NSCLC cell mitotic progression and is associated with poor prognosis of NSCLC patients
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research (2017)
-
Polymorphisms in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene and the risk of primary lung cancer: a case-control study
BMC Cancer (2007)