Abstract
Time of day (TOD) for exercise may influence blood pressure (BP) reduction in hypertension because of the diurnal variation of BP and the duration of BP reduction following a single bout of exercise. The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of TOD for exercise on ambulatory blood pressure reduction in dipping (n=5) and nondipping (n=9) hypertension (<10% drop in nighttime BP (BPnight)). Hypotheses: (1) evening exercise (PMex) would exhibit a greater BPnight reduction in Non-Dippers than Dippers, (2) morning exercise (AMex) would exhibit similar daytime BP (BPday) reduction in Dippers and Non-Dippers, (3) AMex would exhibit greater 24 h BP (BP24 h) reduction than PMex in Dippers, and (4) AMex and PMex would exhibit similar BP24 h reduction in Non-Dippers. BP responses to AMex (0600–0800 h; 30 min at 50% VO2peak) and PMex (1700–1900 h) were compared to each control day in a randomized design. Systolic (S) and diastolic (D) BP were averaged for BP24 h, BPday, and BPnight. A two-way ANOVA (dipping X time of exercise) using BP reduction with repeated measures were performed at P<0.05. Findings: (1) Non-Dippers respond to exercise despite of TOD for exercise, (2) PMex exhibited a greater SBPnight reduction in Non-Dippers than Dippers, (3) AMex exhibited similar SBPday reductions in Dippers and Non-Dippers, and (4) AMex and PMex exhibited similar SBP24 h reduction in Dippers and Non-Dippers. Dippers and Non-Dippers respond differently to TOD for exercise. The duration of the BP reduction persists up to 24 h after exercise.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 digital issues and online access to articles
$119.00 per year
only $9.92 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
MacMahon S et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias [comment]. Lancet 1990; 335: 765–774.
Vasan RS, Levy D . The role of hypertension in the pathogenesis of heart failure. A clinical mechanistic overview. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1789–1796.
Klag MJ et al. Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 13–18.
American College of Sports Medicine. Exercise and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 533–553.
Chobanian AV et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42: 1206–1252.
World Health Organization–International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Guidelines Subcommittee [comment]. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 151–183.
European Society of Hypertension–European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1011–1053.
Hagberg JM, Park J-J, Brown MD . The role of exercise training in the treatment of hypertension. Sports Med 2000; 30: 193–206.
Fagard RH . Exercise characteristics and the blood pressure response to dynamic physical training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33 (Suppl 6): S484–S492.
Whelton SP et al. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 493–503.
Verdecchia P et al. Blood pressure monitoring. Task force III: target-organ damage, morbidity and mortality. Blood Press Monit 1999; 4: 303–317.
Nami R et al. Aerobic exercise training fails to reduce blood pressure in nondipper-type hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13 (6 Part 1): 593–600.
MacDonald JR, MacDougall JD, Hogben CD . The effects of exercise duration on post-exercise hypotension. J Human Hypertens 2000; 14: 125–129.
Pescatello LS et al. Short-term effect of dynamic exercise on arterial blood pressure [comment]. Circulation 1991; 83: 1557–1561.
Wallace JP et al. The magnitude and duration of ambulatory blood pressure reduction following acute exercise. J Human Hypertens 1999; 13: 361–366.
Kenney MJ, Seals DR . Postexercise hypotension. Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance [comment]. Hypertension 1993; 22: 653–664.
Wallace JP . Exercise in hypertension: a clinical review. Sports Med 2003; 33: 585–598.
MacDonald J . Potential causes, mechanisms, and implications of post exercise hypotension. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16: 225–236.
Anonymous. The fifth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC V) [see comment]. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 154–183.
Wallace JP et al. A comparison of 24-h average blood pressures and blood pressure load following exercise. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10: 728–734.
Thijs L et al. Number of measurements required for the analysis of diurnal blood pressure profile. J Hum Hypertens 1994; 8: 239–244.
Staessen J et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in clinical trials. J Hypertens 1991; 9 (Suppl 1): S13–S19.
Padilla J, Wallace JP, Park S . The accumulation of physical activity reduces blood pressure in pre- and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc (in press).
Thompson PD et al. The acute vs the chronic response to exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33 (6 Suppl): S438–S445.
Brandao-Randon MU et al. Postexercise blood pressure reduction in elderly hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 676–682.
Wallace JP et al. Time of day to monitor ambulatory blood pressure affects the outcome. Blood Press Monit 2005; 10: 43–50.
Halliwill JR . Mechanisms and clinical implications of post exercise hypotension in humans. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2001; 29: 65–70.
Acknowledgements
This study was partially funded by Grant-in-Aid by the school of Health, Physical Education and Recreation at Indiana University, and the Indiana University Adult Fitness Program. We express thanks to David A Tanner, PhD for developing the software to calculate the blood pressure area between the control and exercise blood pressure curves. We also thank to Kyle Black, Giny Weaver, and Cathy Hawkins to assist data collection.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Park, S., Jastremski, C. & Wallace, J. Time of day for exercise on blood pressure reduction in dipping and nondipping hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 19, 597–605 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001901
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001901
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Effects of the Timing of Intense Physical Activity on Hypertension Risk in a General Population: A UK-Biobank Study
Current Hypertension Reports (2024)
-
Timing of objectively-collected physical activity in relation to body weight and metabolic health in sedentary older people: a cross-sectional and prospective analysis
International Journal of Obesity (2022)
-
Nighttime Blood Pressure Dipping in Postmenopausal Women With Coronary Heart Disease
American Journal of Hypertension (2012)
-
Diurnal blood pressure variation and related behavioral factors
Hypertension Research (2011)
-
Physical exercise, fitness and dietary pattern and their relationship with circadian blood pressure pattern, augmentation index and endothelial dysfunction biological markers: EVIDENT study protocol
BMC Public Health (2010)