Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To examine whether early anthropometric measures and reproductive factors were associated with body mass index (BMI), overweight, and obesity.
DESIGN:
Cross-sectional, observational study.
SUBJECTS:
In all, 18 109 healthy women who participated in the Swedish Mammography Cohort aged 49–83 y.
MEASUREMENTS:
Early anthropometric (birthweight and body shape at age 10 y) and reproductive (age at menarche, age at the birth of the first child, and parity) variables were our predictors and current BMI, overweight (BMI 25–29.99 kg/m2), and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) were our outcomes.
RESULTS:
In multivariate-adjusted polytomous logistic regression analysis, risk of overweight and obesity increased with increasing body shape at age 10 y and decreased with increasing age at menarche and age at first birth (P for trend <0.0001). A U-shaped relation with birthweight was observed. In our tests for effect modification of the relation with overweight/obesity (ow/ob; BMI ≥25 kg/m2), we detected significant interactions between body shape at 10 y and age (P<0.0001); body shape at 10 y and physical activity (P<0.0001); age at first birth and smoking (P=0.02); and parity and physical activity (P=0.004). The increased risk of ow/ob among women who reported a larger childhood body shape was reduced as women moved from the lowest to highest quartile of physical activity in adulthood. Likewise, the increasing risk of ow/ob among women with greater parity was reduced with increased physical activity.
CONCLUSION:
Early anthropometric measures and reproductive factors are significantly associated with BMI, overweight, and obesity among older women. The effects of childhood body weight, age at first birth, and parity may be modified by adult lifestyle choices, as well as age.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Seidell JC . Obesity in Europe. Obes Res 1995; 3 (Suppl 2): 89s–93s.
Lovejoy JC . The influence of sex hormones on obesity across the female life span. J Womens Health 1998; 7: 1247–1256.
Dionne I, Despres JP, Bouchard C, Tremblay A . Gender difference in the effect of body composition on energy metabolism. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 312–319.
Parsons TJ, Power C, Logan S, Summerbell CD . Childhood predictors of adult obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23 (Suppl 8): S1–S107.
Rogers I, Group E-BS . The influence of birthweight and intrauterine environment on adiposity and fat distribution in later life. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 755–777.
Mossberg HO . 40-Year follow-up of overweight children. Lancet 1989; 2: 491–493.
Dietz WH . Childhood weight affects adult morbidity and mortality. J Nutr 1998; 128: 411S–414S.
Okasha M, McCarron P, McEwen J, Smith GD . Age at menarche: secular trends and association with adult anthropometric measures. Ann Hum Biol 2001; 28: 68–78.
Kirchengast S, Gruber D, Sator M, Huber J . Impact of the age at menarche on adult body composition in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women. Am J Phys Anthropol 1998; 105: 9–20.
Kirchengast S, Grossschmidt K, Huber J, Hauser G . Body composition characteristics after menopause. Coll Antropol 1998;22: 393–402.
Kirchengast S, Gruber D, Sator M, Huber J . Postmenopausal weight status, body composition and body fat distribution in relation to parameters of menstrual and reproductive history. Maturitas 1999; 33: 117–126.
Harris HE, Ellison GT, Holliday M, Lucassen E . The impact of pregnancy on the long-term weight gain of primiparous women in England. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 747–755.
Brown JE, Kaye SA, Folsom AR . Parity-related weight change in women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992; 16: 627–631.
Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Wolk A . Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. Ann Epidemiol 2002; 12: 21–26.
Must A, Willett WC, Dietz WH . Remote recall of childhood health, weight and body build by elderly subjects. Amer J Epidemiol 1993; 138: 56–64.
Norman A, Bellocco R, Bergstrom A, Wolk A . Validity and reproducibility of self-reported total physical activity—differences by relative weight. Int J Obes Metab Relat Disord 2001; 25: 682–688.
Kuskowska-Wolk A, Karlsson P, Stolt M, Rossner S . The predictive validity of body mass index based on self-reported weight and height. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1989; 13: 441–453.
James PT, Leach R, Kalamara E, Shayeghi M . The worldwide obesity epidemic. Obes Res 2001; 9 (Suppl 4): 228S–233S.
Wolfe WS, Sobal J, Olson CM, Frongillo Jr EA, Williamson DF . Parity-associated weight gain and its modification by sociodemographic and behavioral factors: a prospective analysis in US women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 802–810.
Matthews KA, Abrams B, Crawford S, Miles T, Neer R, Powell LH, Wesley D . Body mass index in mid-life women: relative influence of menopause, hormone use, and ethnicity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 863–873.
Toth MJ, Tchernof A, Sites CK, Poehlman ET . Menopause-related changes in body fat distribution. Ann NY Acad Sci 2000; 904: 502–506.
Gortmaker SL, Dietz Jr WH, Cheung LW . Inactivity, diet, and the fattening of America. J Am Diet Assoc 1990; 90: 1247–1252.
Johnston FE, McKigney JI, Hopwood S, Smelker J . Physical growth and development of urban native Americans: a study in urbanization and its implications for nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: 1017–1027.
Stunkard AJ . Socioeconomic status and obesity. Ciba Found Symp 1996; 201: 174–182.
Gale CR, Martyn CN, Kellingray S, Eastell R, Cooper C . Intrauterine programming of adult body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 267–272.
Phillips DI, Young JB . Birth weight, climate at birth and the risk of obesity in adult life. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 281–287.
Fall CH, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Clark PM, Hales CN, Stirling Y, Meade TW . Fetal and infant growth and cardiovascular risk factors in women. BMJ 1995; 310: 428–432.
Yarbrough DE, Barrett-Connor E, Kritz-Silverstein D, Wingard DL . Birth weight, adult weight, and girth as predictors of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1652–1658.
Phillips DI . Relation of fetal growth to adult muscle mass and glucose tolerance. Diabetes Med 1995; 12: 686–690.
Sayer AA, Syddall HE, Dennison EM, Gilbody HJ, Duggleby SL, Cooper C, Barker DJ, Phillips DI . Birth weight, weight at 1 y of age, and body composition in older men: findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 199–203.
Singhal A, Wells J, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A . Programming of lean body mass: a link between birth weight, obesity, and cardiovascular disease? Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 726–730.
Eriksson J, Forsen T, Tuomilehto J, Osmond C, Barker D . Size at birth, childhood growth and obesity in adult life. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 735–740.
Parsons TJ, Power C, Manor O . Fetal and early life growth and body mass index from birth to early adulthood in 1958 British cohort: longitudinal study. BMJ 2001; 323: 1331–1335.
Laitinen J, Power C, Jarvelin MR . Family social class, maternal body mass index, childhood body mass index, and age at menarche as predictors of adult obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 287–294.
Guo SS, Huang C, Maynard LM, Demerath E, Towne B, Chumlea WC, Siervogel RM . Body mass index during childhood, adolescence and young adulthood in relation to adult overweight and adiposity: the Fels Longitudinal Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1628–1635.
Power C, Lake JK, Cole TJ . Body mass index and height from childhood to adulthood in the 1958 British born cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 1094–1101.
Casey VA, Dwyer JT, Coleman KA, Valadian I . Body mass index from childhood to middle age: a 50-y follow-up. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56: 14–18.
Guo SS, Roche AF, Chumlea WC, Gardner JD, Siervogel RM . The predictive value of childhood body mass index values for overweight at age 35 y. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 810–819.
Guo SS, Chumlea WC . Tracking of body mass index in children in relation to overweight in adulthood. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 145S–148S.
Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS . The relation of menarcheal age to obesity in childhood and adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study. BMC Pediatr 2003; 3: 3.
Wen W, Gao YT, Shu XO, Yang G, Li HL, Jin F, Zheng W . Sociodemographic, behavioral, and reproductive factors associated with weight gain in Chinese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 933–940.
Harris HE, Ellison GT, Holliday M . Is there an independent association between parity and maternal weight gain? Ann Hum Biol 1997; 24: 507–519.
Coitinho DC, Sichieri R, D’Aquino Benicio MH . Obesity and weight change related to parity and breast-feeding among parous women in Brazil. Public Health Nutr 2001; 4: 865–870.
Seidell J, Visscher T . Body weight and weight change and their health implications for the elderly. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54: S33–S39.
Kyle UG, Genton L, Hans D, Karsegard VL, Michel JP, Slosman DO, Pichard C . Total body mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle in older people: cross-sectional differences in 60-year-old persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49: 1633–1640.
Kyle UG, Genton L, Slosman DO, Pichard C . Fat-free and fat mass percentiles in 5225 healthy subjects aged 15 to 98 years. Nutrition 2001; 17: 534–541.
Roberts SB, McCrory MA, Saltzman E . The influence of dietary composition on energy intake and body weight. J Am Coll Nutr 2002; 21: 140S–145S.
Doucet E, Tremblay A . Food intake, energy balance and body weight control. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51: 846–855.
Hays NP, Bathalon GP, McCrory MA, Roubenoff R, Lipman R, Roberts SB . Eating behavior correlates of adult weight gain and obesity in healthy women aged 55–65 y. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 476–483.
Sammel MD, Grisso JA, Freeman EW, Hollander L, Liu L, Liu S, Nelson DB, Battistini M . Weight gain among women in the late reproductive years. Fam Pract 2003; 20: 401–409.
Bouchard C . Genetics of human obesity: recent results form linkage studies. J Nutr 1997; 127: 1887S–1890S.
Lake JK, Power C, Cole TJ . Women's reproductive health: the role of body mass index in early and adult life. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 432–438.
Allison DB, Kaprio J, Korkeila M, Koskenvuo M, Neale MC, Hayakawa K . The heritability of body mass index among an international sample of monozygotic twins reared apart. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996; 20: 501–506.
Krahnstoever Davison K, Lipps Birch L . Obesigenic families: parents’ physical activity and dietary intake patterns predict girls’ risk of overweight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1186–1193.
Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, Seidel KD, Dietz WH . Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 869–873.
Magarey AM, Daniels LA, Boulton TJ, Cockington RA . Predicting obesity in early adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 505–513.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Swedish Research Council/Section 4-Longitudinal Studies, the Swedish Cancer Society, and the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Learning.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The authors have no relevant financial interest in this article.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Newby, P., Dickman, P., Adami, HO. et al. Early anthropometric measures and reproductive factors as predictors of body mass index and obesity among older women. Int J Obes 29, 1084–1092 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802996
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802996
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
The relationship of reproductive factors with adiposity and body shape indices changes overtime: findings from a community-based study
Journal of Translational Medicine (2023)
-
Relationships between intrauterine fetal growth trajectories and markers of adiposity and inflammation in young adults
International Journal of Obesity (2022)
-
Relationship between prenatal growth, postnatal growth and childhood obesity: a review
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2017)
-
Reproductive factors and incidence of endometrial cancer in U.S. black women
Cancer Causes & Control (2017)
-
Women’s reproductive health factors and body adiposity: findings from the UK Biobank
International Journal of Obesity (2016)