Volume 16 Issue 4, April 2019

The use of optogenetic strategies in biomedicine therapeutics has the potential to provide nonpharmacological modulation of nervous system function. The development of integrative, implantable, remote-powered devices is an advance towards translation of these strategies, with the potential for precision, revolutionary treatment of complex or refractory disease-related or trauma-related symptoms.

The re-emerging mosquito-transmitted flavivirus Zika seems to be sexually transmitted and can persist in the male genital tract, presenting as genitourinary symptoms such as haematospermia, prostatitis, painful ejaculation, penile discharge, and oligospermia. In this Review, the authors explain the mechanisms that underlie persistent Zika infections in men and describe why these are crucial to developing guidelines, effective vaccines, and therapies.

Investigation of nephrourological diseases is a common indication for CT examination. However, concerns remain regarding the potential risks associated with exposure to ionizing radiation despite a lack of convincing evidence for any such effect at the low doses used for CT scanning. In this Review, experts in the field explain the data in this area and consider how elimination of unnecessary imaging and optimization of medically justified imaging must remain the basis of clinical decision-making.

In this Review, the authors describe the current state of research into epigenetic therapies for testicular germ cell tumours.

Surgical video review offers objective skill evaluation and has advantages over traditional in-person assessments. In this Opinion, the authors discuss the emerging role of video review in urological surgery and highlight its applications and key challenges to widespread implementation.