Articles in 2022

This Review describes the global epidemiology, clinical course and key complications of youth-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. The authors also discuss the mechanisms that might underlie the aggressive clinical phenotype of this disease and current management strategies.

Kidney donation and chronic kidney disease are associated with an increased risk of pre-eclampsia. A recent study in pregnant uninephrectomized mice provides new insights into the mechanisms that underlie these associations and potential therapeutic strategies.

A new study used metabolic tracing of the three main carbon sources (glucose, glutamine and lipids) on cultured slices of mouse kidneys to identify the dynamic metabolic changes that occur after injury in different segments of the kidney tubule at the single-cell level.

This Review focuses on the potential applications of CRISPR to treat diseases that cannot be overcome by inducing frameshifts or premature stops in coding genes. The authors discuss Cas protein engineering and CRISPR systems beyond Cas9 that create a toolbox to engineer the human genome.

The COVID-19 pandemic was met with large-scale efforts to assess novel and repurposed therapeutic interventions that could reduce patient morbidity and mortality. Here, the authors discuss the different types of therapies available to treat COVID-19, including their relevance to patients with kidney failure and kidney transplant recipients.

Trained immunity refers to the development of immunological memory in innate immune cells. Here, the authors examine the basic features of trained immunity, as well as its role and potential therapeutic targeting in immunopathologies that involve the kidney.

Here, the authors review the mechanisms that underlie cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. They also discuss the challenges of developing renoprotective approaches for patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy and potential targets for renoprotection.

This Review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding immunological barriers to xenotransplantation and discusses the major approaches that are being used to overcome these barriers, including immunosuppression, genetic engineering of pigs and tolerance induction.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly used as anti-cancer treatments; however, their use can be associated with the development of immune-related adverse events, including acute kidney injury. This Review describes the symptoms, biochemical signs and possible underlying mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury, and proposes an approach to its diagnosis and management.

In the wake of the Supreme Court’s decision to abolish the right of American women to a pregnancy termination, the most vulnerable women, including those with chronic kidney disease, require heightened care and attention. Nephrologists need to urgently evolve expertise in reproductive care to ensure their health and well-being.

The use of peritoneal dialysis (PD) can be advantageous compared with haemodialysis treatment, although several barriers limit its broad implementation. This review examines the epidemiology of peritoneal dialysis (PD) outcomes, including clinical, patient-reported and surrogate PD outcomes.

Low nephron number is a risk factor for the development of hypertension, chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. This Review describes the mechanisms that modulate nephrogenesis and the timing of nephrogenesis cessation, focusing on environmental and intrinsic pathways that may be manipulated to enhance nephron endowment in susceptible individuals.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, the authors examine CKD-associated risk factors for CVD and consider the prediction and management of CVD risk in patients with CKD, including research and implementation gaps.