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Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4, 417–422 (1 May 2003) | doi:10.1038/nrn1105

Brain|[ndash]|machine interfaces to restore motor function and probe neural circuits

Miguel A. L. Nicolelis

Recent studies have shown that it is possible to create functional, bidirectional, real-time interfaces between living brain tissue and artificial devices. It is reasonable to predict that further research on brain–machine interfaces will lead to the development of a new generation of neuroprosthetic devices aimed at restoring motor functions in severely paralysed patients. In addition, I propose that such interfaces can become the core of a new experimental approach with which to investigate the operation of neural systems in behaving animals.