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Through binding ubiquitous sialic-acid residues on cell surfaces, the Siglec family of lectins promote cell–cell interactions and regulate the functions of numerous immune-cell types. This Review describes the emerging roles of Siglecs in pathogen recognition and endocytosis.
The pandemic threat posed by avian influenza viruses highlights the need for new safe and efficient vaccines. However, several unique obstacles are faced by researchers in the development of these vaccines against avian influenza viruses. What are these obstacles and how can we overcome them?
Natural killer (NK)-cell activation by most pathogens seems to occur indirectly, and is dependent on signals from accessory cells, such as monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. This Review examines how the interactions between NK cells, accessory cells and a diverse range of pathogens occur.
Osteoimmunology encompasses the many interactions that are now known to occur between the immune and skeletal systems. This Review examines the delicate network of interactions between immune and bone cells, how their molecular mechanisms compare and contrast, and the crosstalk between the two systems.
The transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is essential for the development and function of regulatory T cells. Here, the authors propose that FOXP3 might also influence how a cell responds to T-cell receptor stimulation and what tissue-homing receptors it expresses.
The success and pathogenicity of HIV-1 largely resides in the function of the viral protein Nef. Here, the authors propose that Nef modulates a T cell's ability to form an immunological synapse and modulates T-cell activation to favour viral replication and spread.
