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To keep tissue pathology at bay following nematode infection, basophils ensure that group 2 innate lymphoid cells can respond to neuron-derived signals to temper their activity.
In this Comment, Jeong Seok Lee and Eui-Cheol Shin discuss contradictory results regarding the downregulation or upregulation of type I interferon responses in patients with COVID-19 and the implications for therapies that target this pathway.
This Review covers our current understanding of the roles of IL-9-producing T cells in allergy and cancer. Should these cells be classified as a distinct IL-9-producing T helper cell subset? And can we therapeutically target them for the treatment of chronic allergic diseases and cancer?
Histone deacetylases are typically involved in transcriptional repression, but a report in Nature describes a mechanism by which HDAC3 can also activate macrophage transcription in response to lipopolysaccharide in a deacetylase-independent manner.
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) has been described as a mechanism that contributes to the pathogenesis of dengue virus infection. Limited evidence also suggests that it can also occur in other viral infections. Here, the authors explore the history of the ADE phenomenon, discuss the diversity of Fc effector functions and consider its potential relevance in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Constitutive innate immune mechanisms, such as restriction factors, RNA interference, antimicrobial peptides, basal autophagy and proteasomal degradation, exert early host defence activities that also aim to minimize tissue damage and homeostatic disruption by limiting the activation of inducible innate immunity.
The corticosteroid dexamethasome has been shown to reduce mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who require mechanical ventilation. Here, the authors describe how this immunosuppressive drug might work.
Immunometabolism has a key role in HIV-1 pathogenesis, with the metabolic state of T cells and macrophages determining their susceptibility to infection, the metabolism of immune cells shaping their response to infection and metabolic products driving inflammation during infection.
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies for cancer immunotherapy can lead to excessive cytokine release. Now, a report in Cell shows that inclusion of the CD3ε signalling domain in CAR constructs may restrain cytokine release and improve anti-tumour function.
In this Progress article, Wang and Colonna highlight a flurry of recent reports that have shaped our understanding of how environmental cues and clock genes regulate group 3 innate lymphoid cells. They consider the implications of these findings for intestinal immunity.