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In 2021, our understanding of resistance to therapy in primary liver tumours improved drastically. By taking a holistic approach, three independent studies have characterized the tumour cell biodiversity across space, time and aetiologies in primary liver cancer, decoding the crosstalk between different cell types within the tumour ecosystem and their individual contributions to therapy resistance.
Autoimmune pancreatitis and IgG4-related cholangitis are frequent manifestations of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Here, Löhr and colleagues present current understanding of the pathophysiology of IgG4-RD and describe all IgG4-RD manifestations in the digestive tract. Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of IgG4-RD are also discussed.
Cancer development is a dynamic evolutionary process. This Review explores the mechanisms underlying clonal expansion and contraction as well as the evolutionary dynamics in Barrett oesophagus and its progression to dysplasia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The implications for patient management (including surveillance, risk stratification and therapy) are also explored.
In this Review, Arab and colleagues discuss management of alcohol use disorder in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease, particularly in the setting of liver transplantation. An integrative, multidisciplinary approach is proposed.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a potentially serious liver disease with a substantial burden worldwide. In this Consensus Statement, a global multidisciplinary group of experts develop consensus statements and recommendations addressing a broad range of topics on NAFLD to raise awareness and spur action.
In this Review, Albillos and colleagues describe cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID) and its components — systemic inflammation and immune deficiency — as well as the role of CAID in the pathogenesis of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Therapies that aim to modulate CAID are discussed.
The COVID-19 global pandemic has disrupted research and restricted travel, threatening valuable research opportunities for early-career researchers. Support networks are critical to help overcome the challenges of relocation during this time.
Transition from a Fellow to an Attending can be challenging; these challenges can be amplified for women, especially at a new institution. Here are lessons I learnt that might help others with improving this transition.
Humans and their microbiota are intrinsically linked. Owing to dynamic interactions within the gut, nutritional science needs to incorporate the microbiome. This Perspective re-examines the history, rationale and future prospects of chemically defined diets (enteral or parenteral) in relation to the burgeoning understanding of the human microbiota.