Abstract

The availability of new genetic technologies has positioned the field of biological control as a test bed for theories in evolutionary biology and for understanding practical aspects of the release of genetically manipulated material. Purposeful introductions of pathogens, parasites, predators and herbivores, when considered as replicated semi-natural field experiments, show the unpredictable nature of biological colonization. The characteristics of organisms and their environments that determine this variation in the establishment and success of biological control can now be explored using genetic tools. Lessons from studies of classical biological control can help inform researchers and policy makers about the risks that are associated with the release of genetically modified organisms, particularly with respect to long-term evolutionary changes.

Author affiliations

1. Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 201 Wellman Hall MC 3112, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3112, USA.
2. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Biologie et Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30 016, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France.

Correspondence to: George K. Roderick¹ Email: roderick@nature.berkeley.edu