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A new study has reported genetic evidence that MEK–ERK signalling is needed by β-cells, both for maintenance of β-cell mass and for optimization of insulin release. Their results point towards a new challenge of disentangling ERK signalling across multiple time scales.
Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) describes the presence of obesity with limited or no features of poor metabolic health. MHO might be a transient state associated with long-term health complications. A recent study highlights that MHO is associated with an increased risk of heart failure. Obesity, in all forms, requires intervention.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder of unclear aetiology. Although genetic factors contribute to PCOS, they only partially account for its heritability. Here, Stener-Victorin and Deng discuss the evidence that altered epigenetic and developmental programming influence the pathogenesis and familial transmission of PCOS.
The management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in older adults (aged ≥65 years) presents specific challenges. This Review summarizes the key age-related mechanisms contributing to T2DM and evaluates new evidence relating to frailty and sarcopenia, hypoglycaemia, comorbidities, and the implications for existing guidelines and therapeutic options.
Bariatric surgery is linked with adverse effects on mental health in some patients. This Review summarizes how gut physiology changes after surgery and considers how alterations in gut-derived hormones, microbiota and bile acids can affect gut–brain signalling, with potential consequences for mood and behaviour.
Pituitary tumours are treated with stable analogues of somatostatin and dopamine, which respectively bind to somatostatin receptor types 2 and 5 (SST2 and SST5) and dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2). This Review discusses SST and DRD2 signalling and its clinical importance in treatment resistance.
