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This Review summarizes the evidence regarding the actions of gut hormones on bone homeostasis and physiology. The potential implications for the development of future therapeutics to treat bone fragility are considered.
Patients with acromegaly are commonly affected by diabetes mellitus, which occurs as a complication of growth hormone hypersecretion. This Review discusses the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in acromegaly and explores management options in these patients.
Anti-obesity medications based on incretin hormones have advanced weight control and metabolic health in individuals with obesity. The long-term success of obesity therapeutics could be facilitated by exercise, a vital metabolic ally in enhancing treatment efficacy.
Current guidelines for the delay and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus recommend for people with prediabetes to lose at least 7% of their body weight. Here, we advocate to use glycaemic remission as a goal of prevention in people with prediabetes and those who are at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are well known as mediators of the antiviral response but there is growing appreciation of their role in metabolism. This Review discusses the current understanding of IRFs as metabolic regulators, with a particular focus on IRF3 and IRF4.
This Review discusses the role of AMPK in cancer cachexia and metabolic dysfunction, including discussion of how targeting AMPK might be an option to preserve muscle and adipose tissue mass.
The introduction of teprotumumab for the treatment of thyroid eye disease has dramatically improved management of this life-changing condition; however, clinical trials and experience in the clinic have revealed associated hearing abnormalities.
The first precision therapy for children with achondroplasia, vosoritide, is now approved in many regions, including Australia, the USA, the European Union and Japan. This article discusses the recent trial results for this therapy regarding growth and the co-morbidities associated with achondroplasia and considers the rationale for its clinical use.
The First International Congress on Head and Neck Paragangliomas in 2023 launched a global initiative directed towards improving the management of head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs), including prevention, treatment and research. The Congress highlighted a lack of international evidence-based consensuses and guidelines for HNPGLs. The Congress will now convene triennially to foster personalized medicine and research to advance patient care.
This Review discusses the importance of adequate iodine intake for thyroid function, outlining the varying global intake recommendations. Iodine is also considered in the context of the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, as well as dietary trends such as cardioprotective salt restriction and plant-based diets.
Central diabetes insipidus has been renamed as arginine vasopressin deficiency. This Review discusses advances in diagnosis and management of arginine vasopressin deficiency. In addition, the possibility of oxytocin deficiency in these patients is considered, as well as oxytocin provocation testing and the future therapeutic potential of oxytocin replacement.
Daily levothyroxine (LT4) is the standard of care for the treatment of hypothyroidism; however, a small number of patients experience residual symptoms of hypothyroidism. Guidelines indicate that a trial with LT4 and liothyronine (LT3) could be attempted once other conditions have been addressed or excluded. Even so, currently, treatment of hypothyroidism can still be suboptimal.
Mild autonomous cortisol secretion from benign adrenocortical adenomas (usually diagnosed incidentally) is associated with cardiometabolic risk and other comorbidities, but without the signs of overt Cushing syndrome. This Review outlines the mechanisms, complications and comorbidities, diagnosis and management of mild autonomous cortisol secretion.