Worldwide, >366 million people with type 2 diabetes mellitus remain at excess risk of cardiovascular disease and face a lifetime of treatment escalation for this progressive disorder. Studies in 2012 have re-affirmed the safety of early insulin treatment, metformin use in renal impairment, and shown β-cell function preservation over several years.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Relevant articles
Open Access articles citing this article.
-
Evaluating the antidiabetic effects of Chinese herbal medicine: Xiao-Ke-An in 3T3-L1 cells and KKAy mice using both conventional and holistic omics approaches
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine Open Access 13 August 2015
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 375, 2215–2222 (2010).
The ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 367, 319–328 (2012).
Abraira, C. et al. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on glycemic control and complications in type II diabetes (VA CSDM). Results of the feasibility trial. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study in Type II Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 18, 1113–1123 (1995).
Smith, U., Gale, E. A. Does diabetes therapy influence the risk of cancer? Diabetologia 52, 1699–1708 (2009).
Harrison, L. B., Adams-Huet, B., Raskin, P. & Lingvay, I. β-cell function and preservation after 3.5 years of intensive diabetes therapy. Diabetes Care 35, 1406–1412 (2012).
Inzucchi, S. E. et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Diabetes Care. 35, 1364–1379 (2012).
The George Washington University Biostatistics Center. The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) [online], (2012).
Bailey, C. J., Turner, R. C. Metformin. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 574–579 (1996).
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical guideline 87: Type 2 diabetes—newer agents (partial update of CG66) [online], (2012).
Ekström, N. et al. Effectiveness and safety of metformin in 51 675 patients with type 2 diabetes and different levels of renal function: a cohort study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. BMJ Open 2, e001076 (2012).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The author declares associations with the following companies: Amylin (research support, advisory board), Bayer (research support, given lectures), Lilly (advisory board, given lectures), Merck (research support, advisory board, given lectures), Novartis (research support, advisory board) and Novo Nordisk (advisory board, given lectures).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Holman, R. Optimal management of T2DM remains elusive. Nat Rev Endocrinol 9, 67–68 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2012.243
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2012.243