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Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The activation of SIRT1, a deacetylase, is reported to be very beneficial for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in animal models. Recent reports reveal the mechanisms by which insulin signaling might be targeted by SIRT1.
The extraskeletal benefits and harms of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D are unknown. The RECORD trial compared overall, vascular and cancer mortality and cancer incidence by supplement use and found no evidence of any harm or benefit. However, compliance was poor and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were low.
Statins are effective for cardiovascular disease prevention but have recently been associated with an increased risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus. However, until this association is confirmed, treatment discontinuation is not advisable. Lifestyle measures and treatment of risk factors that often cluster with dyslipidemia could ameliorate this potential adverse effect of statins.
After short introductions into the physiology of aromatase and chemical characteristics of aromatase inhibitors, this Review focuses on the efficacy and safety of aromatase inhibitors in the pediatric population, in particular for the treatment of hyperestrogenism, hyperandrogenism, pubertal gynecomastia, and short stature and/or delayed puberty.
Advanced imaging techniques can identify pancreatic features that are characteristic of diabetes subtypes and can help guide molecular and genetic investigations. This Review describes pancreatic imaging in monogenic diabetes mellitus, focusing on the characteristic imaging findings in patients with subtypes of this disease, and relates these features to imaging findings in other exocrine and endocrine pancreatic disorders. The potential of advanced imaging techniques to reveal novel aspects of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of monogenic diabetes mellitus that are relevant for progression to β-cell disease is also discussed.
The trace element selenium is increasingly recognized for its importance in health and disease. Supplementing selenium may improve the severity of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Positive supplementation effects have been reported for both Graves disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis. This Review discusses potential mechanisms of action, prospects, and risks associated with selenium supplementation, and highlights current research needs.
The aim of this Review is to examine the possible additional benefits of neonatal gonadotropin therapy in male patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Encouraging results of neonatal therapy, together with a few reports of prepubertal treatment, support the use of this novel therapeutic strategy aimed at improving sexual and reproductive functions in adulthood.
This Review discusses the emerging concept that resistance to the metabolic adverse effects of lifestyle factors is mediated by an adaptive response to cellular stress, counteracting mechanisms that otherwise lead to impaired insulin signaling and β cell failure. This response exhibits characteristics of hormesis, originally described in toxicology, whereby exposure of cells, tissues or organisms to low levels of toxin induces resistance to higher toxin concentrations.
