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In children presenting with short stature, physicians often limit themselves to descriptive diagnoses such as idiopathic short stature or small for gestational age. Flechtner and colleagues now report a high frequency of bone dysplasias in these children, raising questions about the process of diagnosing short stature.
A new report provides compelling evidence of the high prevalence of endocrine disorders in childhood cancer survivors, which begins soon after diagnosis and persists throughout adulthood. This finding highlights the need for awareness and education in primary care, and for specialized physicians to provide health care to adult survivors of childhood cancer.
The utility of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) treatment in girls with early puberty are much debated, as are its limitations. Here, the authors outline the different types of early puberty, the short-term and long-term effects of GnRHa treatment, life-course consequences of early pubertal development and areas in need of additional research.
A promising grading system to predict metastasis in patients with phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma assigns risk according to selected histological and other criteria. Such risk stratification might be useful for personalized management and screening programmes, as it could limit the costs of follow-up and reduce the risk of disseminated disease.
The contribution of nutrition to bone health has been heavily debated for many years resulting in unclear recommendations for patients regarding prevention of bone loss and subsequent fractures. A recent cohort study has examined the relationships between magnesium intake, BMD and fractures.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Observational data suggest that hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia might be involved in the causal pathway underlying this link, but data from the ACCORD MIND investigators challenge these findings. Why are the findings of observational and intervention studies so disconnected?
A new study highlights the complexities of anti-TSH-receptor antibody function and the differences between adult and paediatric patients with Graves disease, adding to the controversy regarding the possible role of these antibodies in the development of ophthalmopathy.
The cellular mechanisms whereby stressful life experiences cause biological damage and increase disease risk remain poorly understood. Here, Picard et al. expand upon the metabolic aspects of this process. They propose that mitochondrial allostatic load could underpin the deleterious structural and functional changes that mitochondria undergo in response to elevated glucose levels and stress-related pathophysiology.
This Review outlines the cell and tissue-specific mechanisms that lead to cardiovascular events in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The authors discuss how these complications relate to classic cardiovascular risk factors and highlight a common mechanism that might link coronary artery disease to both forms of diabetes mellitus.
Emerging evidence implicates autophagy in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, both at the cellular level and within the organism as a whole. The authors of this Review discuss the control of cellular autophagy by nutrients, the regulation of energy metabolism by autophagy and the consequences of autophagy dysfunction and modulation in metabolic disease.