Reviews & Analysis

Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and its severe form, hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), are associated with extreme reduction in quality of life. This PrimeView describes the maternal and fetal risks and outcomes.

This Primer provides a comprehensive review of the current state of basic science and clinical knowledge on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, and its extreme form hyperemesis gravidarum. Directions to focus on for future study are also discussed.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms underlying autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD), which is a group of rare diseases characterized by tubular damage and interstitial fibrosis but without glomerular lesions.

Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial disease (ADTKD) is an entity that includes rare kidney diseases caused by mutations in various genes that lead to inescapable progression to end-stage renal disease. This Primer highlights the different types of ADTKD and their distinct genetic and clinical features.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a disorder whereby drugs (including pharmacological therapies, traditional medicines, and herbal or dietary supplements) cause liver damage. This PrimeView highlights how a diagnosis of DILI is made, and the mechanisms leading to it.

This Primer discusses the cause, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced liver injury — an adverse reaction to supplements, herbal medicines and commonly used pharmaceuticals.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms that contribute to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, the progressive accumulation of fatty and fibrous material in the arterial wall that can lead to cardiovascular disease.

Atherosclerosis refers to the accumulation of fatty and fibrous material in the arterial wall. Atherosclerotic plaques can narrow the lumen of the vessel and lead to tissue ischaemia or rupture and trigger the formation of a thrombus.

This PrimeView discusses the four types of diabetes insipidus (DI), central, nephrogenic and gestational DI), and primary polydipsia, and how the aetiology influences the management of the disorder.

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a form of polyuria–polydipsia syndrome usually resulting from insufficient production or response to arginine vasopressin (in central, nephrogenic and gestational DI), except in primary polydipsia. This Primer discusses the types of DI and how aetiology influences management of the disorder.

This PrimeView highlights the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder, which can include psychotherapy, psychoeducation, neuromodulation and pharmacological therapy.

This Primer by Stein and colleagues discusses the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder, which is a psychiatric disorder that is characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions.

This PrimeView highlights the diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder, the first and only formal behavioural addiction to be included in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.

Gambling disorder, characterized by a persistent, recurrent pattern of gambling, is associated with substantial distress or impairment. This Primer describes the epidemiology, neurobiology, diagnosis, screening, prevention and treatment of this behavioural disorder, and discusses the quality of life of individuals affected.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common complication in pregnancy and has short-term and long-term effects in both mother and offspring. This PrimeView highlights the definitions, diagnosis and pathophysiology of GDM.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common complication in pregnancy and has short-term and long-term effects in both mother and offspring. This Primer discusses the definitions of GDM, diagnosis and management of the disease and areas requiring further research.

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease of unknown cause involving the formation of granulomas in almost any organ, although typically in the lungs. This PrimeView discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease of unknown cause involving the formation of granulomas in almost any organ, although typically in the lungs. This Primer discusses the aetiology of sarcoidosis and the diagnosis, screening and treatment of this variable disease.

This PrimeView summarizes the mechanisms of conduct disorder, a psychiatric disorder that is characterized by behaviours that violate the rights of other individuals.

Conduct disorder (CD) is a common and highly impairing psychiatric disorder that usually emerges in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by severe antisocial and aggressive behaviour. This Primer provides an overview of diagnostic approaches, evidence regarding the aetiology and pathophysiology of CD, and interventions and prevention programmes.