Articles in 2021

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms and pathophysiology of peritoneal surface malignancies. It accompanies the Primer on this topic by Cortés-Guiral and colleagues.

Peritoneal surface malignancies have heterogeneous origins, including primary peritoneal tumours and metastases of other cancers, for example, digestive tract, reproductive tract, lung, breast and kidney tumours. This Primer reviews the epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis of these diseases, and discusses treatment options, patient quality of life and upcoming innovations.

This PrimeView highlights the diagnosis of endometrial cancer, and accompanies the Primer article on endometrial cancer by Makker and colleagues.

Climate change has multiple negative effects on global public health; reduced quality and quantity of crops result in increased food and financial insecurities leading to malnutrition (undernutrition and obesity) and diet-related non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, food systems substantially contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and a shift towards sustainability is required to preserve human and planetary health.

This Primer by Makker and colleagues summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of endometrial cancer. Moreover, this Primer discusses the quality-of-life issues faced by women with endometrial cancer and summarizes future research directions.

This PrimeView highlights epidemiology, mechanisms and management of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, and summarizes the diagnostic criteria of different subtypes of this autoimmune disease. It accompanies the Primer on this topic by Lundberg and colleagues.

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, also known as myositis, are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune disorders usually characterized by chronic inflammation of the muscle. This Primer reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, patient quality of life and future research needs of this group of diseases.

This PrimeView highlights the various subtypes of Castleman disease, a group of lymphoproliferative disorders with shared morphological features but heterogeneous clinical presentation and disease course.

Castleman disease includes several lymphoproliferative disorders with shared histopathological features but very different clinical presentations and course depending on the location and numbers of affected lymph nodes.

This PrimeView accompanies the Primer article on Essential tremor by Tan and colleagues, and focuses on the epidemiology of this movement disorder.

This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and pathophysiology of essential tremor, a movement disorder that is typically characterized by upper limb action tremor in the absence of other neurological signs.

This PrimeView highlights the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome, a sleep-related movement disorder that is characterized by an urge to move the legs.

Restless legs syndrome is a common disorder that is characterized by an urge to move the legs. This Primer reviews the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome, and also summarizes the quality-of-life issues faced by patients and future research avenues.

Primary lymphoedema is a condition, often caused by a genetic mutation, characterized by alterations in the structure or function of the lymphatic system.

Primary lymphoedema (PLE) refers to swelling of parts of the body (usually limbs) caused by anomalies in the development or functioning of the lymphatic system; PLE can result from genetic mutations and can be the only symptom or one of the manifestations of a syndrome.

This PrimeView highlights the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology and management of Wilms tumour, and summarizes future research needs. It accompanies the Primer on Wilms tumour by Spreafico and colleagues.

Clinical trials often enrol homogeneous populations that do not accurately represent the patient populations served. However, diverse research participation is necessary to establish fair standards of care, minimize outcome disparities and achieve social equity. Here, the authors discuss reasons for reduced trial participation and provide a framework for increasing diversity in clinical trials.

Wilms tumour (WT) is the most common renal tumour in infants and young children. This Primer reviews the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and management of WT. In addition, the authors outline potential opportunities to translate novel biological targets to improve clinical outcomes.

Histiocytic disorders are a heterogeneous family of diseases with a wide range of clinical manifestations, from self-resolving skin lesions to multi-organ, life-threatening disease.