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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disorder that results from a combination of risk factors, of which increasing age and obesity are the most important. This PrimeView focuses on the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and management of OA.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disorder. In this Primer, Pelletier and colleagues provide an update on the progress made in the field of OA epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, prevention, disease management and quality of life.
Osteoporosis, which is characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, increases bone fragility and the risk of fractures. Half of women >50 years of age will experience an osteoporotic bone fracture during their lifetime, which has a considerable impact on quality of life.
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder that is characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue. In this Primer, Eastell et al. discuss the epidemiology and pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis and consider its diagnosis, prevention and treatment and its effect on quality of life.
This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms underlying the development of primary open-angle glaucoma, an optic neuropathy that is characterized by deformation of the optic nerve head and visual impairment.
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of glaucoma and is characterized by deformation of the optic nerve head and vision loss. This Primer by Weinreb et al. discusses the risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of POAG.
This PrimeView highlights the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, a psychiatric condition that is characterized by persistent depressed mood, diminished interests, impaired cognitive function and vegetative symptoms.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by depressed mood, diminished interests and impaired cognitive function, among other symptoms. This Primer by Otte et al. discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of MDD.
Otitis media (OM) or inflammation of the middle ear is an umbrella term that encapsulates acute OM, OM with effusion and chronic suppurative OM. This PrimeView focuses on the diagnosis of OM, which mainly depends on clinical signs and symptoms, accompanied by diagnostic modalities.
Otitis media (OM) or middle ear inflammation is a spectrum of diseases. In this Primer, Schilder et al. provide an overview of OM epidemiology, its underlying pathophysiology, diagnosis, impact on children and their families and preventive and treatment options, as well as an outlook on the future.
This PrimeView highlights the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis (IE), which results from infection usually bacterial of the endocardial surface of the heart. IE can have cardiac, pulmonary, renal and neurovascular manifestations, among others.
Infective endocarditis (IE) is caused by damage to the endocardium of the heart followed by microbial, usually bacterial, colonization. IE is a disease that affects multiple systems and can be fatal if left untreated, and antimicrobial prophylaxis strategies for IE remain controversial.
This PrimeView highlights the genetic alterations that are associated with the development of ovarian cancer, including genes that have a role in homologous recombination and DNA mismatch repair.
Ovarian cancer is a global health problem that is generally diagnosed at a late stage and has no effective screening strategy. This Primer by Matulonis et al. discusses the risk factors, genetics, diagnosis and management of ovarian cancer.
Dengue is caused by infection with any of the four dengue virus serotypes. This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms underlying the clinical course of a dengue infection, which can range from mild febrile illness through to haemorrhagic fever and circulatory shock.
Infection with any one of the four dengue virus serotypes can cause disease that ranges from a mild febrile illness through to haemorrhagic fever and shock. This Primer outlines the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of dengue infection.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 5–20% of women of reproductive age. This PrimeView focuses on the complex aetiologies and interplay between mechanisms that result in and perpetuate the clinical features of PCOS, including hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovarian morphology.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovarian morphology. Here, Azziz et al. describe the current state of knowledge regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management and future investigational directions of the disorder.
This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms of α1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD), an inherited disorder caused by mutations in SERPINA1. A1ATD leads to liver and lung disease and can be associated with substantial morbidity and increased mortality.
