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Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a lateral C-shaped or S-shaped curve of the spine that begins during the adolescent growth spurt. This PrimeView highlights the diagnosis of AIS, which relies on measurement of the Cobb angle, and the possible mechanisms underlying the deformity.
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is characterized by spinal curvature that develops early in adolescence. Although its causes are unknown, in this Primer, Cheng and colleagues discuss various hypotheses to explain the development and progression of AIS.
Acne vulgaris is a skin condition caused by chronic inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit (comprising the hair follicle, hair shaft and sebaceous gland) and affects approximately 650 million people worldwide. This PrimeView highlights some of the key mechanisms in the development of acne.
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous gland and is among the most common dermatological conditions worldwide. In this Primer, Feldman and colleagues describe the pathophysiology, diagnostic tools and current treatment options for acne and urge for a better recognition of this disease.
People affected by asthma experience chronic inflammation of their airways. This PrimeView summarizes the causes of and treatments for asthma, and highlights risk factors, such as exposure to pollution and allergens, that could be targeted to prevent the disease.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Here, Holgate and colleagues outline the need for a better mechanistic understanding of the origins and heterogeneity of asthma, and discuss how this is leading a move towards more-personalized and targeted treatments.
Patients with insomnia disorder experience difficulty sleeping, such as trouble falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep or waking up too early. These problems affect their ability to function during the day. This PrimeView highlights the treatments available for insomnia.
Insomnia disorder is characterized by dissatisfaction with sleep duration or quality, difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep and impairments in daytime functioning. Morin and colleagues contend that improvements in diagnosis and management require a greater understanding of the psychobiological mechanisms that cause insomnia.
Retinoblastoma is a rare tumour of the eye that develops in infants or young children and is typically caused by loss of both RB1 alleles in retinal cells. This PrimeView summarizes the retinoblastoma Primer, highlighting key points from the article.
Retinoblastoma is a rare tumour of the eye that affects infants and children and is associated with the loss of both retinoblastoma gene (RB1) alleles. In this Primer, Gallie and colleagues describe the pathophysiology and management of this disease from a global perspective and discuss the remaining challenges to its treatment.
The criteria that define fibromyalgia have undergone considerable revisions over the past few decades and remain a topic of debate among rheumatologists, neurologists, psychiatrists and pain specialists. This PrimeView and its associated Primer discuss the understanding — including controversies — of fibromyalgia.
Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread pain, unrefreshing sleep, physical exhaustion and cognitive difficulties. The definition, pathogenesis and treatment of fibromyalgia are controversial, with some physicians contesting its existence. In this Primer, Häuser et al. explain these controversies.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects children and adults. ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder with multiple causes that probably differ between individuals, influenced by genetic variation, environmental factors and the structure and function of the brain.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects children and adults. In this Primer, Faraone and colleagues argue that improved understanding of the heterogeneous genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying ADHD is required to improve diagnosis and treatment.
Diabetic kidney disease is caused by microvascular damage sustained as a result of diabetes, affecting approximately one-third of patients with type 1 diabetes and half of patients with type 2 diabetes. This PrimeView highlights the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for developing diabetic kidney disease.
Diabetic kidney disease is caused by microvascular damage sustained as a result of diabetes. Cooper et al. discuss current knowledge on this condition, arguing that novel strategies to halt and reverse disease progression are urgently needed.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with hyperglycaemia caused by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. This PrimeView focuses on the multifactorial aspects of glycaemic control required to manage patients with the disease.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with hyperglycaemia caused by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. In this Primer, DeFronzo et al. discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and current and future treatment strategies.
