Articles in 2021

Acute kidney injury (AKI) describes a sudden loss of excretory kidney function that can result in long-term kidney damage. This Primer describes AKI epidemiology and pathophysiology in different economic settings, discusses current diagnostic and management principles, and highlights long-term effects on quality of life and initiatives to improve patient care.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms of psychopathy, a personality disorder that is characterized by affective, interpersonal, lifestyle and antisocial features.

Incarcerated individuals and those with a history of incarceration have high rates of medical conditions yet face several barriers to care. Removing these barriers through adequate funding, enhancing the role of community health systems, and addressing stigma and discrimination are imperative to improve the health and well-being of this population.

Psychopathy is a personality disorder that is characterized by a lack of empathy, guilt, and remorse, in addition to grandiosity, arrogance, and deceitful, manipulative and antisocial behaviours. This Primer reviews the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of psychopathy and describes the effect of this disorder on quality of life and functioning.

This PrimeView highlights the epidemiology, diagnosis, mechanisms, quality of life effects and treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson disease.

Cognitive impairment is common in patients with Parkinson disease and ranges in severity. This Primer reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease and describes the effects on patient quality of life and the future outlook for the field.

This PrimeView highlights the steps in the coagulation cascade that are impaired in haemophilia, a disorder caused by mutations in the genes encoding coagulation factors VIII or IX.

Haemophilia is a recessive, X-linked, genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding coagulation factor VIII (in haemophilia A) or IX (in haemophilia B). Individuals living with haemophilia are susceptible to bleeding events that can occur spontaneously or as a result of injury.

This PrimeView accompanies the Primer by Pober, Kozel and colleagues and highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, screening, management and quality of life of individuals with Williams syndrome.

Williams syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by the microdeletion of a region of chromosome 7q11.23. In this Primer, Pober and colleagues provide an overview of the epidemiology, genetic aetiology, diagnosis, common manifestations and management of this syndrome as well as of how quality of life is affected in individuals with Williams syndrome and their families.

Microscopic colitis (MC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes persistent watery diarrhoea. This PrimeView highlights the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and management of MC.

Vaccine hesitancy is considered a threat to global health and has been rising worldwide, particularly in resource-limited settings. This Comment discusses this issue and highlights the multiple strategies that can be implemented to address it.

This Primer reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of microscopic colitis (MC), a type of inflammatory bowel disease that causes persistent watery diarrhoea. This Primer also discusses the effect of MC on patient quality of life and future research priorities in this field.

This PrimeView highlights the different types of contact dermatitis (a common inflammatory skin disease) and some of the most common allergens or irritants that can cause it.

Contact dermatitis results from the exposure to exogenous allergens or irritants that stimulate immune responses leading to inflammation of the skin.

This PrimeView accompanies the Primer by van Spronsen and colleagues and highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, screening, management and quality of life of individuals with phenylketonuria.

Phenylketonuria is an inherited disorder of phenylalanine metabolism that can result in neurological dysfunction. This Primer reviews the epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis and management of PKU as well as the impact on patients’ quality of life.

This PrimeView highlights the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease, a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests as cognitive impairment, and accompanies the Primer on Alzheimer disease by Knopman and colleagues.

Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes cognitive impairment. This Primer by Knopman et al. reviews the epidemiology of cognitive manifestations and risk factors, summarizes the pathophysiology from a synaptic disorder perspective, and reviews advances in the diagnosis, management and quality of life of persons living with Alzheimer disease.