Protocol abstract


Nature Protocols 1, 2988 - 2994 (2007)
Published online: 25 January 2007 | doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.376

Subject Categories: Imaging | Model organisms

Whole-body imaging of bacterial infection and antibiotic response

Robert M Hoffman1,2 & Ming Zhao1


We describe imaging of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing bacteria from outside intact infected animals. This simple, non-intrusive technique can show in great detail the spatial–temporal behavior of the infectious process. The bacteria, expressing the GFP, are sufficiently bright as to be clearly visible from outside the infected animal and recorded with simple equipment. Introduced bacteria can be whole-body imaged in most mouse organs, including the peritoneal cavity, stomach, small intestine, and colon. This imaging technology affords a powerful approach to visualizing the infection process, determining the tissue specificity of infection, the spatial migration of the infectious agents and the response to antimicrobial agents.

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  1. AntiCancer Incorporated, 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, California, 92111, USA.
  2. Department of Surgery, University of California at San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego,California, 92103-8220, USA.

Correspondence to: Robert M Hoffman1,2 e-mail: all@anticancer.com

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