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Salmonella Typhimurium type III secretion effectors activate Cdc42 and PAK1 to induce enteric inflammation and promote bacterial growth without engaging innate immune receptors.
Flavivirus replication at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is targeted by the interferon response through blocking of the formation of virus-induced ER membrane invaginations by the interferon-stimulated gene IFI6, encoding an ER-localized integral membrane effector.
The conditional overexpression of the transcription factor AP2-G in Plasmodium berghei enables the large-scale conversion of parasite populations into gametocytes, facilitating analysis of the sexual commitment stage of the parasite life cycle.
Cryo-electron-microscopy imaging of hibernating ribosomes from Escherichia coli elucidates the molecular composition of these complexes and their mode of assembly, reveals how translation initiation is inhibited, and identifies a role for the ribosomal protein S1 in ribosome inactivation.
A combination of regulated gene expression, mutagenesis and electrophysiology experiments shows that EXP2, in addition to its role as part of the Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (PTEX), functions as a nutrient-permeable channel in the vacuolar membrane of the parasite.
The serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex, which is required for de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, is required for the murine norovirus receptor, CD300lf, to adopt a conformation permissive for viral binding.
Experimental evolution of a Roseobacter strain at high temperature results in altered bacterial physiology and distinct genomic changes, providing insight into bacterial adaptation to rising temperatures in a relevant and abundant marine clade.
Phylogeny inferred from real HIV genetic sequences can reveal direct versus common source transmission and establishes how genetic information can be used for an improved tracking of HIV spread.
The recovery of viral populations from peatland soils across a permafrost thaw gradient provides insights into soil viral diversity, their hosts and the potential impacts on carbon cycling in this environment.
Here the authors use photo-bioreactors to analyse the response of Micromonas to phosphate limitation and find that an ancient light-harvesting protein is induced together with other uncharacterized proteins to limit light stress and sustain growth.
Using natural tree-hole microbial communities, the authors show that bacterial abundance is related to their functional roles, with abundant phylotypes driving broad functional measures and rarer phylotypes implicated in more specialized measures.
Live-cell imaging reveals that type IV competence pili from naturally competent Vibrio cholerae are dynamic structures that bind to exogenous DNA via their tips. Pilus retraction pulls DNA to the cell surface and across the outer membrane to initiate DNA uptake.
Viral protein X from HIV-2/SIV targets the HUSH (TASOR, MPP8 and periphilin) complex for proteasomal degradation through recruitment of the DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase adaptor, enabling reactivation of latent proviruses.
Cross-neutralizing antibodies from human survivors of the West Africa Ebola outbreak target a conserved membrane-proximal region in the virus glycoprotein HR2–MPER, which can be used as an immunogen to elicit neutralizing antibodies in rabbits.
A murine diet high in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) reduces Clostridium difficile colonization compared to a low-MAC diet, which is associated with changes in microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acid concentrations and inflammation.
This study describes the development of a primate model for Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever, the first immunocompetent animal model, which will be instrumental in developing and testing medical countermeasures for this serious disease.
Sand flies acquire Leishmania during blood meals. Subsequent blood meals, even from uninfected hosts, trigger dedifferentiation of non-replicating metacyclic promastigotes to a replicative form, termed the retroleptomonad promastigote, which amplifies parasite numbers in the flies.