The insider's guide to plagiarism - p707

doi:10.1038/nm0709-707

Scientific plagiarism—a problem as serious as fraud—has not received all the attention it deserves.

Abstract - | Full Text - The insider's guide to plagiarism | PDF (91 KB) - The insider's guide to plagiarism

Conflict of interest rules seen by some as too stringent - p709

Cassandra Willyard

doi:10.1038/nm0709-709

Full Text - Conflict of interest rules seen by some as too stringent | PDF (189 KB) - Conflict of interest rules seen by some as too stringent

A close look at acid reflux drugs points to possible risks - p710

Alisa Opar

doi:10.1038/nm0709-710

Full Text - A close look at acid reflux drugs points to possible risks | PDF (150 KB) - A close look at acid reflux drugs points to possible risks

Report details changes and challenges for women in biomedicine - p711

Melinda Wenner

doi:10.1038/nm0709-711a

Full Text - Report details changes and challenges for women in biomedicine | PDF (197 KB) - Report details changes and challenges for women in biomedicine

NIH pushes for rare disease drugs - p711

Stu Hutson

doi:10.1038/nm0709-711b

Full Text - NIH pushes for rare disease drugs | PDF (197 KB) - NIH pushes for rare disease drugs

New initiative launched to support research in Africa - p712

Charlotte Schubert

doi:10.1038/nm0709-712a

Full Text - New initiative launched to support research in Africa | PDF (121 KB) - New initiative launched to support research in Africa

Medical research charities brace for economic impact - p712

Stu Hutson

doi:10.1038/nm0709-712b

Full Text - Medical research charities brace for economic impact | PDF (121 KB) - Medical research charities brace for economic impact

High-tech bandages lighten the load of light therapy - p713

Jon Evans

doi:10.1038/nm0709-713a

Full Text - High-tech bandages lighten the load of light therapy | PDF (119 KB) - High-tech bandages lighten the load of light therapy

Nuclear watchdog and WHO move forward against cancer - p713

Karen Dente

doi:10.1038/nm0709-713b

Full Text - Nuclear watchdog and WHO move forward against cancer | PDF (119 KB) - Nuclear watchdog and WHO move forward against cancer

News in brief - pp714 - 715

doi:10.1038/nm0709-714

Full Text - News in brief | PDF (833 KB) - News in brief

Straight talk with... Mauro Ferrari - pp716 - 717

Jon Evans

doi:10.1038/nm0709-716

Mauro Ferrari has Texas-size aspirations for using nanotechnology to treat illness. This past June, Ferrari became professor and chairman of the newly established Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering (nBME) at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Ferrari met with Jon Evans to discuss nanomedicine, the importance of matching technology to therapeutic need and becoming a medical student in his mid-40s.

Abstract - | Full Text - Straight talk with... Mauro Ferrari | PDF (273 KB) - Straight talk with... Mauro Ferrari

Outpacing Cancer - pp718 - 722

Kirsten Dorans

doi:10.1038/nm0709-718

In the late 1990s the drug gefitinib became a new tool in treating the most common type of lung cancer, called non–small cell lung cancer. But doctors found that even with continued gefitinib treatment, some patients experienced a cancer relapse within a year. For the past several years, researchers have been working to uncover why these patients lost sensitivity to gefitinib and seeking how to overcome resistance to the drug. Kirsten Dorans reports on the strategies scientists are developing to outpace continually evolving cancer.

Abstract - | Full Text - Outpacing Cancer | PDF (2,280 KB) - Outpacing Cancer

Australian funding overhaul set into motion - p723

Simon Grose

doi:10.1038/nm0709-723a

Full Text - Australian funding overhaul set into motion | PDF (143 KB) - Australian funding overhaul set into motion

Lawsuit sparks calls for libel law reform - p723

Cassandra Willyard

doi:10.1038/nm0709-723b

Full Text - Lawsuit sparks calls for libel law reform | PDF (143 KB) - Lawsuit sparks calls for libel law reform

Indian universities face misconduct allegations - p723

Killugudi Jayaraman

doi:10.1038/nm0709-723c

Full Text - Indian universities face misconduct allegations | PDF (143 KB) - Indian universities face misconduct allegations

Drug development's dark side - p724

Joseph T. Coyle reviews Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial by Alison Bass

doi:10.1038/nm0709-724

Full Text - Drug development's dark side | PDF (99 KB) - Drug development's dark side

Antibody affinity maturation and respiratory syncytial virus disease - p725

Christine A Shaw, Gillis Otten, Andreas Wack, Gene A Palmer, Christian W Mandl, M Lamine Mbow, Nicholas Valiante & Philip R Dormitzer

doi:10.1038/nm0709-725a

Full Text - Antibody affinity maturation and respiratory syncytial virus disease | PDF (88 KB) - Antibody affinity maturation and respiratory syncytial virus disease

Reply to: "Antibody affinity maturation and respiratory syncytial virus disease" - pp725 - 726

Maria Florencia Delgado, Pablo M Irusta & Fernando P Polack

doi:10.1038/nm0709-725b

Full Text - Reply to: "Antibody affinity maturation and respiratory syncytial virus disease" | PDF (103 KB) - Reply to: "Antibody affinity maturation and respiratory syncytial virus disease"

Will integrin inhibitors have proangiogenic effects in the clinic? - p726

Michael Weller, David Reardon, Burt Nabors & Roger Stupp

doi:10.1038/nm0709-726

Full Text - Will integrin inhibitors have proangiogenic effects in the clinic? | PDF (90 KB) - Will integrin inhibitors have proangiogenic effects in the clinic?

Reply to: "Will integrin inhibitors have proangiogenic effects in the clinic?" - p727

Andrew R Reynolds & Kairbaan M Hodivala-Dilke

doi:10.1038/nm0709-727

Full Text - Reply to: "Will integrin inhibitors have proangiogenic effects in the clinic?" | PDF (88 KB) - Reply to: "Will integrin inhibitors have proangiogenic effects in the clinic?"

Receptors identified for hand, foot and mouth virus - pp728 - 729

Kunal P. Patel & Jeffrey M. Bergelson

doi:10.1038/nm0709-728

Two receptors have now been identified for the virus behind severe hand, foot and mouth disease (pages 794–797 and 798–801).

Abstract - | Full Text - Receptors identified for hand, foot and mouth virus | PDF (375 KB) - Receptors identified for hand, foot and mouth virus

See also: Letter by Nishimura et al. | Letter by Yamayoshi et al.

Coupling bone degradation to formation - pp729 - 731

Jameel Iqbal, Li Sun & Mone Zaidi

doi:10.1038/nm0709-729

To maintain skeletal integrity and prevent fractures, degradation and rebuilding of bone must occur in synchrony. Transforming growth factor-1 is now found to coordinate this restructuring process: the molecule is released during bone degradation and stimulates bone rebuilding (pages 757–765).

Abstract - | Full Text - Coupling bone degradation to formation | PDF (1,011 KB) - Coupling bone degradation to formation

See also: Article by Tang et al.

Tumor immunotherapy: making an immortal army - pp731 - 732

Brent H. Koehn & Stephen P. Schoenberger

doi:10.1038/nm0709-731

Manipulation of cell renewal pathways creates T memory stem cells that can generate a sustained and targeted immune response. These findings have broad implications for vaccine development and immunotherapy (pages 808–813).

Abstract - | Full Text - Tumor immunotherapy: making an immortal army | PDF (225 KB) - Tumor immunotherapy: making an immortal army

See also: Letter by Gattinoni et al.

Targeting lymphotoxin depletes pathogenic T cells - pp732 - 733

Anna M. Hansen & Rachel R. Caspi

doi:10.1038/nm0709-732

A monoclonal antibody directed against lymphotoxin- (LT-) expressed by pathogenic T cells can prompt the clearance of these cells from the body (pages 766–773). The findings bring us one step closer to targeting only the cell populations that cause harm in autoimmune diseases while leaving beneficial arms of the immune system largely intact.

Abstract - | Full Text - Targeting lymphotoxin depletes pathogenic T cells | PDF (206 KB) - Targeting lymphotoxin depletes pathogenic T cells

See also: Article by Chiang et al.

Hedgehog inhibitor pokes tumor - p734

doi:10.1038/nm0709-734

Full Text - Hedgehog inhibitor pokes tumor | PDF (229 KB) - Hedgehog inhibitor pokes tumor

Damage control in the nervous system: rehabilitation in a plastic environment - pp735 - 736

James W Fawcett & Armin Curt

doi:10.1038/nm0709-735

People with damage to the central nervous system often undergo rehabilitation therapy. James Fawcett and Armin Curt examine how such therapy might work in conjunction with experimental approaches that increase the ability of neurons to form new connections. They discuss how animal studies raise questions about how to test such approaches in people in a field where firm data are already hard to come by. Phillip Popovich and Dana McTigue take a look at a specific type of nervous system damage—spinal cord injury—and argue that the role of the immune system is underappreciated. They also suggest that one common therapy, application of glucocorticoids, might actually exacerbate the condition.

Abstract - | Full Text - Damage control in the nervous system: rehabilitation in a plastic environment | PDF (572 KB) - Damage control in the nervous system: rehabilitation in a plastic environment

Damage control in the nervous system: beware the immune system in spinal cord injury - pp736 - 737

Phillip Popovich & Dana McTigue

doi:10.1038/nm0709-736

Full Text - Damage control in the nervous system: beware the immune system in spinal cord injury | PDF (378 KB) - Damage control in the nervous system: beware the immune system in spinal cord injury

Research Highlights - pp738 - 739

doi:10.1038/nm0709-738

Full Text - Research Highlights | PDF (365 KB) - Research Highlights

GOAT links dietary lipids with the endocrine control of energy balance - pp741 - 745

Henriette Kirchner, Jesus A Gutierrez, Patricia J Solenberg, Paul T Pfluger, Traci A Czyzyk, Jill A Willency, Annette Schürmann, Hans-Georg Joost, Ronald J Jandacek, John E Hale, Mark L Heiman & Matthias H Tschöp

doi:10.1038/nm.1997

It has been a long-held belief that the hormone ghrelin is activated when an animal is hungry, inducing the brain to increase food intake. Now, Matthias Tschöp and his colleagues show in vivo that it is not the deficiency of calories per se that activates ghrelin, but rather the presence of energy-rich medium-chain dietary fats.

Abstract - | Full Text - GOAT links dietary lipids with the endocrine control of energy balance | PDF (332 KB) - GOAT links dietary lipids with the endocrine control of energy balance | Supplementary information

Alefacept promotes co-stimulation blockade based allograft survival in nonhuman primates - pp746 - 749

Tim A Weaver, Ali H Charafeddine, Avinash Agarwal, Alexandra P Turner, Maria Russell, Frank V Leopardi, Robert L Kampen, Linda Stempora, Mingqing Song, Christian P Larsen & Allan D Kirk

doi:10.1038/nm.1993

Immunosuppressive regimens used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs are associated with many adverse side effects. Weaver et al. report that by combining the use of a CD2-targeting reagent (alefacept) with a co-stimulation blockade–based protocol, they can prolong survival of kidney allografts in macaques while avoiding the use of standard immunosuppressive agents.

Abstract - | Full Text - Alefacept promotes co-stimulation blockade based allograft survival in nonhuman primates | PDF (462 KB) - Alefacept promotes co-stimulation blockade based allograft survival in nonhuman primates | Supplementary information

A small molecule blocking oncogenic protein EWS-FLI1 interaction with RNA helicase A inhibits growth of Ewing's sarcoma - pp750 - 756

Hayriye V Erkizan, Yali Kong, Melinda Merchant, Silke Schlottmann, Julie S Barber-Rotenberg, Linshan Yuan, Ogan D Abaan, Tsu-hang Chou, Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy, Milton L Brown, Aykut Üren & Jeffrey A Toretsky

doi:10.1038/nm.1983

Ewing's sarcoma family tumors are dependent on an oncogenic fusion protein, most commonly EWS-FLI1, which interacts with RNA helicase A (RHA) in transcriptional complexes. Erkizan et al. have identified a small molecule that inhibits the interaction of RHA with EWS-FLI1 and impairs the growth of Ewing's sarcoma xenografts in mice. The findings provide evidence that targeting tumor-specific transcription factors may be a feasible approach to treating cancer.

Abstract - | Full Text - A small molecule blocking oncogenic protein EWS-FLI1 interaction with RNA helicase A inhibits growth of Ewing's sarcoma | PDF (467 KB) - A small molecule blocking oncogenic protein EWS-FLI1 interaction with RNA helicase A inhibits growth of Ewing's sarcoma | Supplementary information

TGF-1–induced migration of bone mesenchymal stem cells couples bone resorption with formation - pp757 - 765

Yi Tang, Xiangwei Wu, Weiqi Lei, Lijuan Pang, Chao Wan, Zhenqi Shi, Ling Zhao, Timothy R Nagy, Xinyu Peng, Junbo Hu, Xu Feng, Wim Van Hul, Mei Wan & Xu Cao

doi:10.1038/nm.1979

Bone is a dynamic tissue and requires the precise coordination of formation with loss. Here, Xu Cao and his colleagues show that the bone-chewing activity of osteoclasts results in the local release of active TGF-1 from the surface of the bone, inducing the migration of nearby bone-forming osteoblastic progenitor cells to this resorbed region. In this manner, proper matching of the localized rates of bone loss and bone creation is ensured (pages 729–731).

Abstract - | Full Text - TGF-1–induced migration of bone mesenchymal stem cells couples bone resorption with formation | PDF (882 KB) - TGF-1–induced migration of bone mesenchymal stem cells couples bone resorption with formation | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Iqbal et al.

Targeted depletion of lymphotoxin-–expressing T_H1 and T_H17 cells inhibits autoimmune disease - pp766 - 773

Eugene Y Chiang, Ganesh A Kolumam, Xin Yu, Michelle Francesco, Sinisa Ivelja, Ivan Peng, Peter Gribling, Jean Shu, Wyne P Lee, Canio J Refino, Mercedesz Balazs, Andres Paler-Martinez, Allen Nguyen, Judy Young, Kai H Barck, Richard A D Carano, Ron Ferrando, Lauri Diehl, Devavani Chatterjea & Jane L Grogan

doi:10.1038/nm.1984

B cell–depleting antibodies have therapeutic efficacy against arthritis. Here Jane Grogan and her colleagues report a new approach to depleting pathogenic T cells. They show that lymphotoxin- is upregulated on the surface of activated T_H1 and T_H17 CD4⁺ cells, which have a pathogenic role in several autoimmune diseases, and a monoclonal antibody targeted to lymphotoxin-a can inhibit collagen-induced arthritis and EAE in mice (pages 732–733).

Abstract - | Full Text - Targeted depletion of lymphotoxin-–expressing TH1 and TH17 cells inhibits autoimmune disease | PDF (908 KB) - Targeted depletion of lymphotoxin-–expressing TH1 and TH17 cells inhibits autoimmune disease | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Hansen & Caspi

Tenascin-C is an endogenous activator of Toll-like receptor 4 that is essential for maintaining inflammation in arthritic joint disease - pp774 - 780

Kim Midwood, Sandra Sacre, Anna M Piccinini, Julia Inglis, Annette Trebaul, Emma Chan, Stefan Drexler, Nidhi Sofat, Masahide Kashiwagi, Gertraud Orend, Fionula Brennan & Brian Foxwell

doi:10.1038/nm.1987

TLR4 has a key role in driving inflammation in mouse models of arthritis and may also have a role in the human disease. The extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C is upregulated in the joints of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. Here Kim Midwood and her colleagues show that tenascin-C is an endogenous activator of TLR4 and that it contributes to the maintenance of arthritis in mice.

Abstract - | Full Text - Tenascin-C is an endogenous activator of Toll-like receptor 4 that is essential for maintaining inflammation in arthritic joint disease | PDF (787 KB) - Tenascin-C is an endogenous activator of Toll-like receptor 4 that is essential for maintaining inflammation in arthritic joint disease | Supplementary information

A selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 blocks cytokine production and attenuates progression of experimental arthritis - pp781 - 787

Tony Muchamuel, Michael Basler, Monette A Aujay, Erika Suzuki, Khalid W Kalim, Christoph Lauer, Catherine Sylvain, Eileen R Ring, Jamie Shields, Jing Jiang, Peter Shwonek, Francesco Parlati, Susan D Demo, Mark K Bennett, Christopher J Kirk & Marcus Groettrup

doi:10.1038/nm.1978

Christopher Kirk and his colleagues have developed the first specific inhibitor of the immunoproteasome. They find that the immunoproteasome has a major role in regulating cytokine production, as well as antigen presentation, and their inhibitor has good efficacy in animal models of arthritis.

Abstract - | Full Text - A selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 blocks cytokine production and attenuates progression of experimental arthritis | PDF (482 KB) - A selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 blocks cytokine production and attenuates progression of experimental arthritis | Supplementary information

Activation of kinin receptor B1 limits encephalitogenic T lymphocyte recruitment to the central nervous system - pp788 - 793

Ulf Schulze-Topphoff, Alexandre Prat, Timour Prozorovski, Volker Siffrin, Magdalena Paterka, Josephine Herz, Ivo Bendix, Igal Ifergan, Ines Schadock, Marcelo A Mori, Jack Van Horssen, Friederike Schröter, Alina Smorodchenko, May Htwe Han, Michael Bader, Lawrence Steinman, Orhan Aktas & Frauke Zipp

doi:10.1038/nm.1980

Modulating the entry of inflammatory T cells into the brain could be one way to treat the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. Now, Frauke Zipp and colleagues demonstrate that activation of kinin receptor B1 can block autoimmune T cell migration into the brain and can therefore inhibit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.

First Paragraph - | Full Text - Activation of kinin receptor B1 limits encephalitogenic T lymphocyte recruitment to the central nervous system | PDF (548 KB) - Activation of kinin receptor B1 limits encephalitogenic T lymphocyte recruitment to the central nervous system | Supplementary information

Human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is a functional receptor for enterovirus 71 - pp794 - 797

Yorihiro Nishimura, Masayuki Shimojima, Yoshio Tano, Tatsuo Miyamura, Takaji Wakita & Hiroyuki Shimizu

doi:10.1038/nm.1961

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes hand, foot and mouth disease, a mild infectious disease that can, however, occasionally lead to severe neurological impairments. These two studies, by Nishimura et al. and Yamayoshi et al., independently identify two different receptors for EV71—P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 ((PSGL-1) and scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) (pages 728–729) and (pages 798–801).

First Paragraph - | Full Text - Human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is a functional receptor for enterovirus 71 | PDF (468 KB) - Human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is a functional receptor for enterovirus 71 | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Patel & Bergelson | Letter by Yamayoshi et al.

Scavenger receptor B2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71 - pp798 - 801

Seiya Yamayoshi, Yasuko Yamashita, Jifen Li, Nobutaka Hanagata, Takashi Minowa, Taro Takemura & Satoshi Koike

doi:10.1038/nm.1992

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes hand, foot and mouth disease, a mild infectious disease that can, however, occasionally lead to severe neurological impairments. These two studies, by Nishimura et al. and Yamayoshi et al., independently identify two different receptors for EV71—P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 ((PSGL-1) and scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) (pages 728–729) and (pages 794–797).

First Paragraph - | Full Text - Scavenger receptor B2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71 | PDF (364 KB) - Scavenger receptor B2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71 | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Patel & Bergelson | Letter by Nishimura et al.

Hematopoietic colony–stimulating factors mediate tumor-nerve interactions and bone cancer pain - pp802 - 807

Matthias Schweizerhof, Sebastian Stösser, Martina Kurejova, Christian Njoo, Vijayan Gangadharan, Nitin Agarwal, Martin Schmelz, Kiran Kumar Bali, Christoph W Michalski, Stefan Brugger, Anthony Dickenson, Donald A Simone & Rohini Kuner

doi:10.1038/nm.1976

Pain is one of the many debilitating side effects of cancer. Now, Rohini Kuner and her colleagues show that blocking hematopoietic colony-stimulating factor signaling on neurons can inhibit pain caused by bone cancer.

First Paragraph - | Full Text - Hematopoietic colony–stimulating factors mediate tumor-nerve interactions and bone cancer pain | PDF (642 KB) - Hematopoietic colony–stimulating factors mediate tumor-nerve interactions and bone cancer pain | Supplementary information

Wnt signaling arrests effector T cell differentiation and generates CD8⁺ memory stem cells - pp808 - 813

Luca Gattinoni, Xiao-Song Zhong, Douglas C Palmer, Yun Ji, Christian S Hinrichs, Zhiya Yu, Claudia Wrzesinski, Andrea Boni, Lydie Cassard, Lindsay M Garvin, Chrystal M Paulos, Pawel Muranski & Nicholas P Restifo

doi:10.1038/nm.1982

The Wnt pathway has a central role in stem cell regulation. Gattinoni et al. now show that activation of the Wnt signaling cascade in naive CD8⁺ T cells blocks their differentiation into effector T cells and triggers instead a memory stem cell–like phenotype. These T memory stem cells show enhanced antitumor efficacy in mice compared with other T cell subsets, arguing for their further evaluation in adoptive immunotherapies (pages 731–732).

First Paragraph - | Full Text - Wnt signaling arrests effector T cell differentiation and generates CD8+ memory stem cells | PDF (587 KB) - Wnt signaling arrests effector T cell differentiation and generates CD8+ memory stem cells | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Koehn & Schoenberger

Validated germline-competent embryonic stem cell lines from nonobese diabetic mice - pp814 - 818

Jennifer Nichols, Kenneth Jones, Jenny M Phillips, Stephen A Newland, Mila Roode, William Mansfield, Austin Smith & Anne Cooke

doi:10.1038/nm.1996

Abstract - | Full Text - Validated germline-competent embryonic stem cell lines from nonobese diabetic mice | PDF (761 KB) - Validated germline-competent embryonic stem cell lines from nonobese diabetic mice | Supplementary information

Erratum: Copy number analysis indicates monoclonal origin of lethal metastatic prostate cancer - p819

Wennuan Liu, Sari Laitinen, Sofia Khan, Mauno Vihinen, Jeanne Kowalski, Guoqiang Yu, Li Chen, Charles M Ewing, Mario A Eisenberger, Michael A Carducci, William G Nelson, Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Jun Luo, Yue Wang, Jianfeng Xu, William B Isaacs, Tapio Visakorpi & G Steven Bova

doi:10.1038/nm0709-819a

Full Text - Erratum: Copy number analysis indicates monoclonal origin of lethal metastatic prostate cancer | PDF (56 KB) - Erratum: Copy number analysis indicates monoclonal origin of lethal metastatic prostate cancer

Corrigendum: Adjuvant IL-7 antagonizes multiple cellular and molecular inhibitory networks to enhance immunotherapies - p819

Marc Pellegrini, Thomas Calzascia, Alisha R Elford, Arda Shahinian, Amy E Lin, Dilan Dissanayake, Salim Dhanji, Linh T Nguyen, Matthew A Gronski, Michel Morre, Brigitte Assouline, Katharina Lahl, Tim Sparwasser, Pamela S Ohashi & Tak W Mak

doi:10.1038/nm0709-819b

Full Text - Corrigendum: Adjuvant IL-7 antagonizes multiple cellular and molecular inhibitory networks to enhance immunotherapies | PDF (56 KB) - Corrigendum: Adjuvant IL-7 antagonizes multiple cellular and molecular inhibitory networks to enhance immunotherapies