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The development of therapies for ischemic stroke requires a deep understanding of the immune response to injury. Analysis now defines immune cell origin, disease stage-specific responses, and the effects of age and sex after ischemic stroke.
Apart from lifestyle, environment and chance events, genetic factors have a key role in delineating the health and longevity of an individual. Research by Park et al. has now shed light on the role of mammalian GIMAP5, a longevity-assurance (LASS) gene encoding a GTP-binding protein that regulates ceramide synthesis and cellular senescence.
The transcription cofactor TLE3 interacts with RUNX3 and TCF1 to repress the transcription and chromatin accessibility of CD8+ TCM cell signature genes, while simultaneously acting as a coactivator for TBET to facilitate the expression of CD8+ TEM cell signature genes. As such, TLE3 serves as a gatekeeper of CD8+ TCM cell formation.
Anatomical separation exists between the generation and lodging sites of plasma cells. Transcriptome analysis of tissue-resident plasma cells provides important insights into how newly generated plasma cells acquire longevity.
The use of T cell receptor signatures to track activated spike-specific T cell dynamics between recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent mRNA vaccination shows that vaccination effectively recruits pre-existing memory and new CD8+ T cell clonotypes.
Epithelial cells, macrophages and T cells are linked in a previously unknown regulatory circuit. Sensing of interferon-γ triggers antigen presentation by colonic epithelial cells, enabling T cells to lower extracellular ATP levels and reduce inflammation.
Expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in macrophages has led to promising results in preclinical and clinical work. Now, induced pluripotent stem cells have been combined with a second-generation CAR to achieve macrophage rewiring and to broaden the applicability of the approach to solid malignancies.
T cells exist in many functional states, and dynamic transitions from one state to another affect the outcome of adoptive T cell therapy. FOXP1 and KLF2 are now identified as transcriptional regulators of the stemness of CD8+ CAR-T cells and the bifurcation of stem-like CD8+ CAR-T cells into effector and exhausted subsets, respectively.
BCG vaccination provides protection against unrelated viral infections. The vaccine induces protective integrated organ immunity through biphasic activation of innate and adaptive immune cells.