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Mechanisms by which the gut microbiota affects its host are a main research focus. Here, Lynch et al. characterize bile acid modifications performed by a prevalent bacterial taxon from the gut, the genus Turicibacter, and found they broadly altered host lipids, connecting Turicibacter functions and host physiology.
The details of CRISPR-Cas target search are unresolved. Here the authors analyse the target search process of the Type I CRISPR-Cas complex Cascade: they show that target search and target recognition are tightly linked, and DNA supercoiling and limited 1D diffusion play a role.
iNKT cells recognise glycolipids via their T cell receptors. Here the authors implicate tnpo3 in the regulation of splicing of pre-mRNA encoding cognate TCR α chain for iNKT cells.
The fungal dioxygenase AsqJ catalyses the conversion of benzo[1,4]diazepine-2,5-diones into quinolone antibiotics, and can also catalyse the production of quinazolinones. Here, the authors perform comprehensive substrate promiscuity mapping of AsqJ revealing its large tolerance towards various substrates, giving biocatalytic access to a plethora of biomedically valuable heterocyclic frameworks.
GM-CSF-secreting whole-cell cancer vaccine (GVAX) promotes T-cell response against a range of tumor associated antigens in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDA). Here the authors report the results of the initial three treatment arms of a platform trial of neoadjuvant and adjuvant GVAX alone or in combination with PD-1 antagonist and CD137 agonist antibodies in patients with resectable PDA.
Seasons may impose different selection pressures on organisms. Here, the authors propose that species may either maximize gains during the growth season or minimize losses during winter, and provide empirical support of such seasonal specialisation in two closely related butterfly species.
Studying visual processing during natural eye movements in untrained animals is challenging. Here, the authors provide a method for accurately measuring the retinal input to study visual processing and neural selectivity during natural oculomotor behavior in non-human primates.
Integration of nanomaterials and enzymes has potential in the development of robust biocatalysts, but preparation can still be technically challenging. Here, the authors report the preparation of a hydrogen-bonded organic framework biocatalyst and its use as an immunosensor.
Inorganic nanoparticles can accumulate in living organisms causing a dose-dependent increase in cellular reactive oxygen species. Here, the authors leverage this as a potential scheme for regulating metabolic disorders, showing that that low-dose nanoparticle administration can enhance lipid hydrolysis and alleviate fatty liver.
Acorales is sister to all other monocots and contains only one family with just one genus, Acorus. Here, the authors assemble the genome of the diploid Ac. gramineus and the tetraploid Ac. calamus, reconstruct an ancestral monocot karyotype and gene toolkit, and discuss the origin and evolution of the two species and other monocots.
The virulence of extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli is associated with multiple different genes in different lineages. Here, Royer et al. show that the emergence of virulence is associated with acquisition of the siderophore-encoding high-pathogenicity island (HPI), and full virulence is associated with the additional presence of the aer or sit operons.
The relationship between the components of repetitive head impacts and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) remains unclear. Here, the authors use American football helmet sensor data to show that duration of play, cumulative head impacts and linear and rotational accelerations are significantly associated with CTE pathology.
Patients treated for multiple myeloma often experience relapse due to antigen loss, thus necessitating the identification of additional therapeutic targets. In this study, the authors demonstrate that FcRH5 is expressed on MM cells and can be targeted using chimaeric antigen receptor T cells in mice.
Topological heterostructures are desired in metallic glasses to improve their mechanical properties. Here, the authors present an enthalpy-guided alloy design to introduce nanoscale chemical heterogeneity, producing a metallic glass with a large homogeneous plastic flow at room temperature.
The response of sea-air CO2 flux to the Atlantic Niño variability shows a dipole pattern in the equatorial Atlantic characterized by a freshwater-induced anomaly in the western basin, and a sea surface temperature-induced anomaly in the central basin.
Monocots are one of the most diverse and dominant clades of flowering plants. Here, the authors assemble the genome of Acorus gramineus, confirm its phylogenetic position as sister to the rest of monocots and reveal the absence of tau (τ) whole-genome duplication observed in the majority of monocot clades.
Here, applying an ecological framework to cross-sectional and longitudinal data, the authors identify major branches of the human gut microbiome across the lifespan that connect local ecological states, allowing to better capture associations with health, diet, and lifestyle.
α1A-adrenergic receptor (α1AAR) regulates smooth muscle contraction and cognitive functions. Here, authors provide structural insight into α1AAR activation and binding modes of the orthosteric ligands and an extracellular allosteric nanobody.
For most ancient genomes, low sequencing depth restricts genotyping, limiting their study. Here, the authors test imputation performance of ancient human genomes by estimating error rates and potential bias introduced in downstream analyses.
Increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal infections and colitis can be driven by a failure to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Here, using a forward genetic screen, Song et al. identify and characterise the role of TVP23B in Paneth cell and goblet cell function, and its impact on colitis.