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The Na+/K+-ATPase pump exports three Na+ ions for the exchange of two K+ ions, and three transient current components have been associated with Na+ binding and release. Now, these three components are found to be tightly correlated confirming that the binding and release of Na+ions is sequential.
Molecular factors, regulating the expression of specific glycolytic enzymes that favour biosynthetic processes, have remained unknown. Panasyuket al. identify PPARγ as a novel transcription factor turning on pyruvate kinase M2 and hexokinase 2, which are frequently upregulated in pathophysiological growth.
Detailed analysis of axis development in mouse embryo has been limited. Morriset al. developed an in vitroculture technique that enables the real-time observation of an anterior visceral endoderm formation and show that cell marker asymmetry within the AVE subdomain dictates the direction of the AVE migration.
Myeloid cells are important in the response to severe infection by invasiveStreptococcusGroup A. In this study, a distinct population of immature myeloid cells with ring shaped nuclei that produce interferon-γ are shown to be important for protection of mice against the early stages of invasive infection.
The spin–orbit interaction affects the electronic structure of many solids to give rise to a host of unusual phenomena. Bahramyet al.theoretically examine its role in the non-centrosymmetric compound BiTeI, and find that under the application of pressure, it leads to topologically insulating behaviour.
Neural stem cells generate neurons in the adult hippocampus, but the dynamics of neuron production remain unclear. This study shows that stem cells produce type-2a progenitors, which do not expand as previously thought, but rather generate amplifying immature neuroblasts.
Actin filaments are involved in the modulation of nuclear shape and function, but mechanistic understanding of these processes is lacking. Versaevelet al. show that orientation and deformation of the nucleus are regulated by lateral compressive forces driven by tension in central actomyosin fibres.
Spatial epidemiology studies identify malaria hotspots, which sustain transmission and so could be targeted by control programmes. This study uses spatial data on larval sites and malaria episodes to show that transmission can be disrupted by targeting vector breeding sites close to and downwind of malaria hotspots.
PADI4 is an enzyme that converts arginine residues to citrulline. Here, Tanikawa and colleagues show that, in response to DNA damage, histone H4 and Lamin C are citrullinated in a p53 and PADI4-dependent manner andPadi4-dependent manner and Padi4 null mice are resistant to radiation-induced apoptosis in the thymus.
Zonal occludens and claudin form tight junctions near the apical surface of cells and are important in polarized epithelia. In this study, the translational regulatory sequence-specific RNA binding protein CPEB is shown to be required for the correct localization of zona occluden 1 mRNA in mammary epithelial cells.
Field-effect transistors fabricated from carbon nanotubes have been investigated extensively over the past two decades. This study demonstrates a nanotube-based integrated circuit design that substantially improves the speed and power consumption with respect to silicon-based integrated circuits.
Empirical data suggest that species abundance distributions can have multiple modes, which is not predicted by existing theories. This study shows that the multimodal pattern is consistent with emergent neutrality, suggesting this theory could have a role in shaping natural communities.
As quantum information and communication experiments grow in sophistication, the need for efficient sources of entangled photons escalates. Using exciton and biexciton emission in GaAs island quantum dots, Ghaliet al. demonstrate the electric field-induced generation of entangled photons with high fidelity.
Epitopes presented by MHC-II molecules bind to T-cell receptors to activate CD4+ T cells. In this study, changes in the carboxy-terminal region of the influenza hemagglutinin epitope HA305-320alters the strength of binding to the T-cell receptor, thus modulating T-cell receptor usage and activation.
Mutations in parkin, an ubiquitin ligase, cause an inherited form of Parkinson's disease. Here, Jianget al. generate induced pluripotent stem cells from two patients with parkin mutations and find that neurons derived from the stem cells have defects in dopamine release, dopamine uptake and oxidative metabolism.
The role of ephrin receptors in tumour development and progression has remained controversial. Liet al. show that kinase activation of ephrin-B3 inhibits non-small-cell lung cancer migration both in vitro and in vivo, which depends on a novel interacting partner, RACK 1, in a ternary complex with PP2A and Akt.