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Fly pupal retina with all cells overexpressing Expanded, depicting the overproliferation phenotype of warts mutant cells (lacking green staining; cell outlines in blue, photoreceptor nuclei in red/orange/green). The 'Plastic Wrap' filter from Adobe Photoshop was applied to this image.
Studies of how the eukaryotic nucleus is functionally organized have led to the realization that nuclei are incredibly dynamic. Many nuclear structures are actually by products of a large steady-state flux of macromolecules through a given domain. A recent conference in the south of France on Nuclear Structure and Dynamics brought together scientists with diverse perspectives on the nucleus to try to provide a more coherent picture of the nucleus's dynamic organization and how this architecture is entwined with epigenetic control of gene expression.
Interactions between Eph receptors and ephrins can restrict or enable the movement of cells by promoting cell repulsion or invasion. Ephrins have now been shown to regulate cell migration by interacting with the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway.
DNA is tightly wrapped around histones to form chromatin. How DNA repair molecules interact with this chromatin structure is an emerging question. New findings suggest that chromatin structure impedes the access of DNA repair proteins to sites of DNA damage, thus establishing a mechanism for the function of chromatin remodelling complexes during DNA repair.
p27kip1, once confined to control of the cell cycle, has more recently been identified as a key regulator of cell migration. In neuronal cells, this function of p27kip1 is regulated by Cdk5.
Since the discovery of double fertilization over a century ago, proteins mediating gamete interactions in flowering plants have remained elusive. A lily protein located at the sperm-cell surface that is required for fertilization offers new hope in understanding this crucial process.