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Nature Biotechnology 23, 469–474 (1 April 2005) | doi:10.1038/nbt1080

Infrared spectroscopic imaging for histopathologic recognition

Daniel C Fernandez , Rohit Bhargava , Stephen M Hewitt & Ira W Levin

The process of histopathology, comprising tissue staining and morphological pattern recognition, has remained largely unchanged for over 140 years. Although it is integral to clinical and research activities, histopathologic recognition remains a time-consuming, subjective process to which only limited statistical confidence can be assigned because of inherent operator variability.