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A 3Rs approach for the generation of genetically modified rodents
Generating genetically modified rodents for research projects requires a large number of animals and involves procedures that can cause distress and pain to the animals. In a new Review, Zevnik, Jerchow and Buch provide key recommendations for implementing the 3Rs (Replace, Reduce, Refine) in all steps and procedures for the generation of genetically modified rodents.
New insights into gut-brain axis and cognition function show that accumulation of Caudovirales bacteriophages in the gut microbiota is associated with improved executive function and memory.
In this Review, the authors provide recommendations for the implementation of the 3Rs in all the steps and procedures in the generation of genetically modified rodents; they also discuss future welfare challenges associated with advances in genome modification techniques.