Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

Effect of sensory perception of foods on appetite and food intake: a review of studies on humans

Abstract

Objective: How much do the sensory properties of food influence the way people select their food and how much they eat? The objective of this paper is to review results from studies investigating the link between the sensory perception of food and human appetite regulation.

Content of the review: The influence of palatability on appetite and food intake in humans has been investigated in several studies. All reviewed studies have shown increased intake as palatability increased, whereas assessments of the effect of palatability using measures of subjective appetite sensations have shown diverging results, for example, subjects either feel more hungry and less full after a palatable meal compared to a less palatable meal, or they feel the opposite, or there is no difference. Whether palatability has an effect on appetite in the period following consumption of a test meal is unclear.Several studies have investigated which sensory properties of food are involved in sensory-specific satiety. Taste, smell, texture and appearance-specific satieties have been identified, whereas studies on the role of macronutrients and the energy content of the food in sensory-specific satiety have given equivocal results. Different studies have shown that macronutrients and energy content play a role in sensory-specific satiety or that macronutrients and energy content are not a factor in sensory-specific satiety. Sensory-specific satiety may have an important influence on the amount of food eaten. Studies have shown that increasing the food variety can increase food and energy intake and in the short to medium term alter energy balance. Further knowledge about the importance of flavour in appetite regulation is needed, for example, which flavour combinations improve satiety most, the possible connection between flavour intensity and satiety, the effect of persistence of chemesthetic sensation on palatability and satiety, and to what extent genetic variation in taste sensitivity and perception influences dietary habits and weight control.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Rent or buy this article

Prices vary by article type

from$1.95

to$39.95

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. WHO. Division of Noncommunicable Diseases/World Health Organization/Programme of Nutrition Family and Reproductive Health. Obesity — preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO Consultation on obesity. WHO/NUT/NCD/98.1. World Health Organization: Geneva; 1998.

  2. Blundell J . Hunger, appetite and satiety — constructs in search of identities. In: Turner M (ed). Nutrition and lifestyles. Applied Science Pub. Ltd: London; 1979. Proceedings of the British Nutrition Foundation, first Annual Conference, pp 21–42.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Blundell JE . Appetite disturbance and the problems of overweight. Drugs 1990; 39(Suppl. 3): 1–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Van Itallie TB, Vanderweele DA . The phenomenon of satiety. In: Björntorp P (ed). Recent advances in obesity research, Vol III. Libbey: London; 1981. pp 278–289.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Blundell JE, Rogers PJ . Hunger, hedonics, and the control of satiation and satiety. In: Friedman M (ed). Chemical senses, Vol 4, Appetite and nutrition. Marcel Decker, Inc.: New York; 1991. pp 127–148.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Silverstone T, Goodall E . Measurement of hunger and food intake. In: Ferrari E (ed). Disorders of eating behaviour, a psychoendocrine approach. Pergamon Press: Oxford; 1986. pp 129–134.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Guy-Grand B, Lehnert V, Doassans M, Bellisle F . Type of test meal affects palatability and eating style in humans. Appetite 1994; 22: 125–134.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hill AJ, Lynn D, Blundell M, Blundell JE . Hunger and palatability: tracking ratings of subjective experience before, during and after the consumption of preferred end less preferred food. Appetite 1984; 5: 361–371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Rogers PJ, Carlyle J, Hill AJ, Blundell JE . Uncoupling sweet taste and calories: comparison of the effects of glucose and three intense sweeteners on hunger and food intake. Physiol Behav 1988; 43: 547–552.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Warwick ZS, Hall WG, Pappas TN, Schiffman SS . Taste and smell sensations enhance the satiating effect of both a high-carbohydrate and a high-fat meal in humans. Physiol Behav 1993; 53: 553–563.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Yeomans MR, Symes T . Individual differences in the use of pleasantness and palatability ratings. Appetite 1999; 32: 383–394.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bellisle F, Lucas F, Amrani R, Le Magnen J . Deprivation, palatability and the micro-structure of meals in human subjects. Appetite 1984; 5: 85–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Stubbs RJ, Hughes DA, Johnstone AM, Rowley E, Reid C, Elia M, Stratton R, Delargy H, King N, Blundell JE . The use of visual analogue scales to assess motivation to eat in human subjects: a review of their reliability and validity with an evaluation of new hand-held computerized systems for temporal tracking of appetite ratings. Br J Nutr 2000; 84: 405–415.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE, Astrup A . Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dye L, Blundell JE . Menstrual cycle and appetite control: implications for weight regulation. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1142–1151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Yeomans MR . Taste, palatability and the control of appetite. Proc Nutr Soc 1998; 57: 609–615.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hyde RJ, Witherly SA . Dynamic contrast: a sensory contribution to palatability. Appetite 1993; 21: 1–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Yeomans MR . Palatability and the microstructure of feeding in humans: the appetizer effect. Appetite 1996; 27: 119–133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. De Graaf DJ, De Jong LS, Lambers AC . Palatability affects satiation but not satiety. Physiol Behav 1999; 66: 681–688.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rolls ET, Rolls BJ, Rowe EA . Sensory-specific and motivation-specific satiety for the sight and taste of food and water in man. Physiol Behav 1983; 30: 185–192.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Rolls BJ, Hetherington M, Burley VJ . The specificity of satiety: the influence of foods of different macronutrient content on the development of satiety. Physiol Behav 1988; 43: 145–153.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Vandewater K, Vickers Z . Higher-protein foods produce greater sensory-specific satiety. Physiol Behav 1996; 59: 579–583.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Guinard J, Brun P . Sensory-specific satiety: comparison of taste and texture effects. Appetite 1998; 31: 141–157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rolls BJ, Rolls ET, Rowe EA, Sweeney K . Sensory specific satiety in man. Physiol Behav 1981; 27: 137–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bobroff EM, Kissileff HR . Effects of changes in palatability on food intake and the cumulative food intake curve in man. Appetite 1986; 7: 85–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hellemann U, Tuorila H . Pleasantness ratings and consumption of open sandwiches with varying NaCl and acid contents. Appetite 1991; 17: 229–238.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lucas F, Bellisle F . The measurement of food preferences in humans: do taste-and-spit tests predict consumption? Physiol Behav 1987; 39: 739–743.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bellisle F, Le Magnen J . The analysis of human feeding patterns the edogram. Appetite 1980; 1: 141–150.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bellisle F, Le Magnen J . The structure of meals in humans: eating and drinking patterns in lean and obese subjects. Physiol Behav 1981; 27: 649–658.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Spiegel TA, Shrager EE, Stellar E . Responses of lean and obese subjects to preloads, deprivation, and palatability. Appetite 1989; 13: 45–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Monneuse MO, Bellisle F, Sylvestre JL . Responses to an intense sweetener in humans: immediate preferences and delayed effects on intake. Physiol Behav 1991; 49: 325–330.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Pérez C, Dalix A, Guy-Grand B, Bellisle F . Human responses to five concentrations of sucrose in a dairy product: immediate and delayed palatability effects. Appetite 1994; 23: 165–178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Yeomans MR, Gray RW, Mitchell CJ, True S . Independent effects of palatability and within-meal pauses on intake and appetite ratings in human volunteers. Appetite 1997; 29: 61–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Zandstra EH, De Graaf C, Meal DJ, Van Staveren WA . Short- and long-term effects of changes in pleasantness on food intake. Appetite 2000; 34: 253–260.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bellisle F, Tournier A, Louis-Sylvestre J . Monosodium glutamate and the acquisition of food preferences in a European context. Food Qual Prefer 1989; 1: 103–108.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Rogers PJ, Blundell JE . Umami and appetite: effects of monosodium glutamate on hunger and food intake in human subjects. Physiol Behav 1990; 48: 801–804.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. De Castro JM, Bellisle F, Dalix A . Palatability and intake relationships in free-living humans: measurement and characterization in the French. Physiol Behav 2000; 68: 271–277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. De Castro JM, Bellisle F, Dalix A, Pearcey SM . Palatability and intake relationship in free-living humans: characterization and independence of influence in North Americans. Physiol Behav 2000; 70: 343–350.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hetherington MM, Rolls BJ, Burley VJ . The time course of sensory-specific satiety. Appetite 1989; 12: 57–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Johnson J, Vickers Z . Effects of flavor and macronutrient composition of food servings on liking, hunger and subsequent intake. Appetite 1993; 21: 25–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rolls BJ, Hetherington M, Burley VJ . Sensory stimulation and energy density in the development of satiety. Physiol Behav 1988; 44: 727–733.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hetherington MM . Sensory-specific satiety and its importance in meal termination. Neurosci Biohav Rev 1996; 20: 113–117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rolls BJ, Rowe EA, Rolls ET, Kingston B, Megson A, Gunary R . Variety in meal enhances food intake in man. Physiol Behav 1981; 26: 215–221.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Rolls BJ, Van Duijvenvoorde PM, Roll ET . Pleasantness changes and food intake in a varied four-course meal. Appetite 1984; 5: 337–348.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. De Graaf C, Shreurs A, Blauw YH . Short-term effects of different amounts of sweet and nonsweet carbohydrates on satiety and energy intake. Physiol Behav 1993; 54: 833–843.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Vickers Z, Holton E . A comparison of taste test ratings, repeated consumption, and postconsumption ratings of different strengths of iced tea. J Sensory Stud 1998; 13: 199–212.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Rolls BJ, Rowe EA, Rolls ET . How sensory properties of foods affect human feeding behavior. Physiol Behav 1982; 29: 409–417.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Rolls ET, Rolls JH . Olfactory sensory-specific satiety in humans. Physiol Behav 1997; 61: 461–473.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Rolls BJ, Laster LJ, Summerfelt A . Hunger and food intake following consumption of low-calorie foods. Appetite 1989; 13: 115–127.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Miller DL, Bell EA, Pelkman CL, Peters JC, Rolls BJ . Effects of dietary fat, nutrition labels, and repeated consumption on sensory-specific satiety. Physiol Behav 2000; 71: 153–158.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kamphuis MMJW, Westerterp-Platenga MS, Saris WHM . Fat-specific satiety in humans for fat high in linoleic acid vs fat high in oleic acid. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55: 499–508.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Johnson J, Vickers Z . Factors influencing sensory-specific satiety. Appetite 1992; 19: 15–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Manthey J, Vickers Z . The relationship of fiber to sensory specific satiety. J Sensory Stud 1996; 11: 335–345.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Rolls ET, De Waal AWL . Long-term sensory-specific satiety: evidence from an Ethiopian refugee camp. Physiol Behav 1985; 34: 1017–1020.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pliner P, Polivy J, Herman CP . Short-term intake of overweight individuals and normal weight dieters and non-dieters with and without choice among a variety of foods. Appetite 1980; 1: 203–213.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Berry SL, Beatty WW, Klesges RC . Sensory and social influences on ice cream consumption by males and females in a laboratory setting. Appetite 1985; 6: 41–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wisniewski L, Epstein LH, Caggiula AR . Effect of food change on consumption, hedonics, and salivation. Physiol Behav 1992; 52: 21–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Porrini M, Santangelo A, Crovetti R, Riso P, Tesolin G, Blundell JE . Weight, protein, fat, and timing of preloads affect food intake. Physiol Behav 1997; 62: 563–570.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Stubbs RJ, Johnstone AM, Mazlan N, Mbaiwa SE, Ferris S . Effect of altering the variety of sensorially distinct foods, of the same macronutrient content, on food intake and body weight in men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55: 19–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Rolls BJ, Castellanos VH, Shide DJ, Miller DL, Pelkman CL, Thorwart ML, Peters JC . Sensory properties of a nonabsorbable fat substitute did not affect regulation of energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 1375–1383.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Cecil JE, Read JF, Read NW . Comparison of the effect of a high-fat and high-carbohydrate soup delivered orally and intragastrically on gastric emptying, appetite, and eating behaviour. Physiol Behav 1999; 67: 299–306.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Cornell CE, Rodin J, Weingarten H . Stimulus-induced eating when satiated. Physiol Behav 1989; 45: 695–704.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Marcelino AS, Adam AS, Couronne T, Köster EP, Sieffermann JM . Internal and external determinants of eating initiation in humans. Appetite 2001; 36: 9–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Fedoroff IC, Polivy J, Herman CP . The effect of pre-exposure to food cues on eating behavior of restrained and unrestrained eaters. Appetite 1997; 28: 33–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Rolls BJ, Fedoroff IC, Guthrie JF, Laster LJ . Effects of temperature and mode of presentation of juice on hunger, thirst and food intake in humans. Appetite 1990; 15: 199–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Blundell JE, Hill AJ . Paradoxical effects of an intense sweetener (aspartame) on appetite. Lancet 1986; I: 1092–1093.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Tordoff MG, Alleva AM . Oral stimulation with aspartame increases hunger. Physiol Behav 1990; 47: 555–559.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Black RM, Leiter LA, Anderson GH . Consuming aspartame with and without taste: differential effects on appetite and food intake of young adult males. Physiol Behav 1993; 53: 459–466.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. King NA, Appleton K, Rogers PJ, Blundell JE . Effects of sweetness and energy in drinks on food intake following exercise. Physiol Behav 1999; 66: 375–379.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Rogers PJ, Blundell JE . Separating the actions of sweetness and calories: effects of saccharin and carbohydrates on hunger and food intake in human subjects. Physiol Behav 1989; 45: 1093–1099.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rolls BJ, Hetherington M, Laster LJ . Comparison of the effects of aspartame and sucrose on appetite and food intake. Appetite 1988; 11: 62–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Mattes R . Effects of aspartame and sucrose on hunger and energy intake in humans. Physiol Behav 1990; 47: 1037–1044.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Drewnowski A, Massien C, Louis-Sylvestre J, Fricker J, Chapelot D, Apfelbaum M . Comparing the effects of aspartame and sucrose on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 338–345.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Drewnowski A, Massien C, Louis-Sylvestre J, Fricker J, Chapelot D, Apfelbaum M . The effects of aspartame versus sucrose on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes in obese and lean women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994; 18: 570–578.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Rodin J . Comparative effects of fructose, aspartame, glucose, and water preloads on caloric and macronutrient intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 428–435.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Rolls BJ, Kim S, Fedoroff IC . Effects of drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame on hunger, thirst and food intake in men. Physiol Behav 1990; 45: 19–26.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Canty DJ, Chan MM . Effects of consumption of caloric vs noncaloric sweet drinks on indices of hunger and food consumption in normal adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 1159–1164.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Beridot-Therond ME, Arts I, Fantino M . Short-term effects of the flavour of drinks on ingestive behaviours in man. Appetite 1998; 31: 67–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Holt SHA, Sandona N, Brand-Miller JC . The effects of sugar-free vs sugar-rich beverages on feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2000; 51: 59–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Brala PM, Hagen RL . Effects of sweetness perception and caloric value of a preload on short term intake. Physiol Behav 1983; 30: 1–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Rolls BJ, Laster LJ, Summerfelt A . Meal order reversal: effects of eating a sweet course first or last. Appetite 1991; 16: 141–148.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Yeomans MR, Wright P, Macleod HA, Critchley JAJH . Effects of nalmefene on feeding in humans. Psychopharmacology 1990; 100: 426–432.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Yeomans MR, Wright P . Lower pleasantness of palatable foods in nalmefene-treated human volunteers. Appetite 1991; 16: 249–259.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Drewnowski A, Krahn DD, Demitrack MA, Nairn K, Gosnell BA . Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: evidence for opioid involvement. Physiol Behav 1992; 51: 371–379.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Yeomans MR, Gray RW . Selective effects of naltrexone on food pleasantness and intake. Physiol Behav 1996; 60: 439–446.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Yeomans MR, Gray RW . Effects of naltrexone on food intake and changes in subjective appetite during eating: evidence for opioid involvement in the appetizer effect. Physiol Behav 1997; 62: 15–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hetherington MM, Vervaet N, Blass E, Rolls BJ . Failure of naltrexone to affect the pleasantness or intake of food. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 40: 185–190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Cooper SJ, Yerbury RE . Midazolam-induced hyperphagia and FG 7142-induced anorexia: behavioral characteristics in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986; 25: 99–106.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Foltin RW, Fischman MW, Byrne MF . Food intake in baboons: effects of diazepam. Psychopharmacology 1989; 97: 443–447.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Clifton PG, Cooper SJ . The benzodiazepine partial receptor agonist, bretazenil, provokes a strong hyperphagic response: a meal pattern analysis in free feeding rats. Behav Pharmacol 1996; 7: 454–461.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Haney M, Comer SD, Fischman MW, Foltin RW . Alprazolam increases food intake in humans. Psychopharmacology 1997; 132: 311–314.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. LeBlanc J, Brondel L . Role of palatability on meal-induced thermogenesis in human subjects. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: E333 – E336.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Bellisle F, Louis-Sylvestre J, Demozay F, Blazy D, Le Magnen J . Cephalic phase of insulin secretion and food stimulation in humans: a new perspective. Am J Physiol 1985; 249: E639–E345.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Lucas F, Bellisle F, Di Maio A . Spontaneous insulin fluctuations and the preabsorptive insulin response to food ingestion in humans. Physiol Behav 1987; 40: 631–636.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. LeBlanc J, Diamond P, Nadeau A . Thermogenic and hormonal responses to palatable protein and carbohydrate rich food. Horm Metab Res 1991; 23: 336–340.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Sawaya AL, Fuss PJ, Dallal GE, Tsay R, McCrory MA, Young V, Roberts SB . Meal palatability, substrate oxidation and blood glucose in young and older men. Physiol Behav 2001; 72: 5–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Teff KL, Engelman K . Palatability and dietary restraint: effect on cephalic phase insulin release in women. Physiol Behav 1996; 60: 567–573.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Abdallah L, Chabert M, Louis-Sylvestre J . Cephalic phase responses to sweet taste. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 737–743.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Teff KL, Devine J, Engelman K . Sweet taste: effect on cephalic phase insulin release in men. Physiol Behav 1995; 57: 1089–1095.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Bruce DG, Storlien LH, Furler SM, Chisholm DJ . Cephalic phase metabolic responses in normal weight adults. Metabolism 1987; 36: 721–725.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hashkes PPJ, Gartside PS, Blondheim SH . Effect of food palatability on early (cephalic) phase of diet-induced thermogenesis in nonobese and obese men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 608–613.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, van den Heuvel E, Wouters L, Hoor FT . Diet-induced thermogenesis and cumulative food intake curves as a function of familiarity with food and dietary restraint in humans. Physiol Behav 1992; 51: 457–465.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Weststrate JA, Dopheide T, Robroch L, Deurenberg P, Hautvast JG . Does variation in palatability affect the postprandial response in energy expenditure? Appetite 1990; 15: 209–219.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Prat-Larquemin L, Oppert JM, Bellisle F, Guy-Grand B . Sweet taste of aspartame and sucrose: effects on diet-induced thermogenesis. Appetite 2000; 34: 245–251.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Rolls ET . The neurophysiology of feeding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1984; 8(Suppl 1): 139–150.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Yaxley S, Rolls ET, Sienkiewicz ZJ, Scott TR . Satiety does not affect gustatory activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the alert monkey. Brain Res 1985; 347: 85–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Rolls ET . Brain and emotion. Oxford University Press: Oxford; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  108. O'Doherty J, Rolls ET, Francis S, Bowtell R, McGlone F, Kobal G, Trenner B, Ahne G . Sensory-specific satiety-related olfactory activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex. Chem Senses 2000; 11: 893–897.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Silver WL, Finger TE . The trigeminal system. In: Getchell et al (eds). Smell and taste in health and disease. Raven Press: New York; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Green BG . Chemesthesis: pungency as a component of flavor. Trends in Food Sci Technol 1996; 7: 415–420.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Bartoshuk LM, Duffy VB, Miller IJ . PTC/PROP tasting: anatomy, psychophysics, and sex effects. Physiol Behav 1994; 56: 1165–1171.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Tepper BJ . Genetics of perception ’98. 6-n-Propylthiouracil: a genetic marker for taste, with implications for food preference and dietary habits. Am J Hum Gen 1998; 63: 1271–1276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Drewnowski A, Henderson SA, Barratt-Fornell A . Genetic taste markers and food preferences. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29: 535–538.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Bartoshuk LM . Comparing sensory experiences across individuals: recent psychophysical advances illuminate genetic variation in taste perception. Chem Senses 2000; 25: 447–460.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Dabrila GM, Batoshuk LM, Duffy VB . Preliminary findings of genetic taste status association with fat intake and body mass index in adults (abstract). J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95: A64.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Duffy VB, Fast K, Cohen Z, Chodos E, Bartoshuk LM . Genetic taste status associates with fat food acceptance and body mass index in adults (abstract). Chem Senses 1999; 24: 545–546.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Tepper BJ, Nurse RJ . PROP taster status is related to fat perception and preference. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 855: 802–804.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Tepper BJ, Ullrich N . Dietary restraint influences the relationship between PROP taster status and body weight in women (abstract). Appetite 1999; 33: 234.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L B Sørensen.

Additional information

The study was supported by Orkla Foods AS, the Danish Dairy Research Foundation (Danish Dairy Board) and the Danish Government.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sørensen, L., Møller, P., Flint, A. et al. Effect of sensory perception of foods on appetite and food intake: a review of studies on humans. Int J Obes 27, 1152–1166 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802391

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802391

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links