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Smoking impairs vascular endothelial function and leads to atherosclerosis. Smoking cessation is expected to improve vascular endothelial function. Effects of smoking cessation on endothelial function are not always consistent. Further studies are needed to determine whether smoking cessation directly improves endothelial function. NO indicates nitric oxide.
The hypertension trials update summarizes the most important clincal trials on hypertension research in 2022 and early 2023. CTD – chlorthalidone, CV – cardiovascular, HCT – hydrochlorothiazide, SBP – systolic blood pressure, RDN – renal denervation *depicts systolic blood pressure only.
Vascular functions in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Vascular dysfunction and elevation of blood pressure are components of a vicious cycle even from their early stages, which including abnormal blood pressure variabilities. This vicious cycle is associated with hypertensive organ damage and also adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Strategies to break this vicious cycle have not yet been fully established.
The relationship between various factors involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. It should be noted that all the factors shown in the figure are not necessarily present simultaneously in every patient.