Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Research Paper
  • Published:

Continuous Synthesis of N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-Aspartyl-L-Phenylalanine Methyl Ester with Immobilized Thermolysin in an Organic Solvent

Abstract

N - (benzyloxycarbonyl) - L - aspartyl - L - phenylalanine methyl ester, the precursor of the synthetic sweetener aspartame, was continuously synthesized in an organic solvent with immobilized thermolysin. Ethyl acetate was found to be the most effective organic solvent for the synthesis of this precursor. The plug flow type reactor was found unsuitable, because the immobilized enzyme in it was gradually inactivated even if calcium, the essential stabilizing factor for thermolysin, was added to the substrate. In addition, a severe channeling of the flow occurred in a column. A stirred tank reactor was successfully operated for over 300 hours with a yield of approximately 90 percent and a large space velocity.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fruton J.S. 1982. Proteinase-catalyzed synthesis of peptide bonds, p. 239–306. In: Adv. Enzymol., Vol. 53. A. Meister (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Klibanov, A.M., Samokhin, G.P., Martinek, K. and Berezin, I.V. 1977. A new approach to preparative enzymatic synthesis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19: 1351–1361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Martinek, K., Semenov, A. and Berezin, I.V. 1981. Enzymatic synthesis in biphasic aqueous-organic systems I. Chemical equilibrium shift. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 658: 76–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Martinek, K. and Semenov, A. 1981. Enzymatic synthesis in biphasic aqueous-organic systems II. Shift of ionic equilibria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 658: 90–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Carrea, G. 1984. Biocatalysts in water-organic solvent two-phase system. Trends in Biotechnol. 2: 102–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Homandberg, G.A., Mattis, J.A. and Laskowski, M., Jr. 1978. Synthesis of peptide bonds by proteinases. Addition of organic co-solvents shifts peptide bond equilibria toward synthesis. Biochemistry 17: 5220–5227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Oyama, K. and Kihara, K. 1984. A new horizon for enzyme technology. Chemtech: 100–105.

  8. Klibanov, A.M., 1979. Enzyme Stabilization by Immobilization. Anal. Biochem. 93: 1–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kuhl, P., Könnecke, A., Döring, G., Däumer, H. and Jakubke, H.-D. 1980. Enzyme-catalyzed peptide synthesis in biphasic aqueous-organic systems. Tetrahedron Lett. 21: 893–896.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Oyama, K., Nishimura, S., Nonaka, Y., Kihara, K. and Hashimoto, T. 1981. Synthesis of an aspartame precursor by immobilized thermolysin in an organic solvent. J. Org. Chem. 46: 5242–5244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Isowa, Y., Ohmori, M., Ichikawa, T., Mori, K. et al. 1979. The thermolysin-catalyzed condensation reactions of N-substituted aspartic and glutamic acids with phenylalanine alkyl esters. Tetrahedron Lett. 20: 2611–2612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Dahlquist, F.W., Long, J.W. and Bigbee, W.L. 1976. Role of calcium in the thermal stability of thermolysin. Biochemistry 15: 1103–1111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Voordrouw, G., Milko, C. and Rocke, R.A. 1976. Role of calcium ions in thermostable proteolytic enzymes. Separation of intrinsic and calcium ion contributions to the kinetic thermal stability. Biochemistry 15: 3716–3724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Colman, P.M., Jansonius, J.N. and Mattheus, B.W. 1972. The structure of thermolysin: An electron density map at 2.3 Å resolution, J. Mol. Biol. 70: 701–724.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Holmquist, B. and Vallee, B.L. 1974. Metal substitutions and inhibition of themolysin: spectra of the cobalt enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 4601–4607.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Feder, J. 1968. A spectrophotometric assay for neutral protease. Biochim. Biophys. Res. Comm. 32: 325–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Gitelman, H.J. 1967. An improved automated procedure for the determination of calcium in biological specimens. Anal. Biochem. 18: 521–531.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nakanishi, K., Kamikubo, T. & Matsuno, R. Continuous Synthesis of N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-Aspartyl-L-Phenylalanine Methyl Ester with Immobilized Thermolysin in an Organic Solvent. Nat Biotechnol 3, 459–464 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0585-459

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0585-459

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing