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Gold nanoparticles identified in the Kenty orogenic gold deposit were liberated by dissolution processes, transported along fluid pathways and coarsened through a form of Ostwald ripening, according to nanoscale observations and chemical analyses.
Long-term experimental drought in the Amazon rain forest leads to shifts in soil fungal community composition, soil enzyme activities that indicate nitrogen limitation, and an increase in the relative abundance of drought-resistant dark septate fungi.
Microbial processes, particularly denitrification, are more important in driving nitrous acid production and emissions in aerobic soils than abiotic processes, according to 15N tracer and isotope pool dilution experiments in boreal agricultural soils.
A highly variable meltwater distribution with interlinked layers and columns is found in the Amundsen Sea in winter, and it may sustain polynyas in the region, according to hydrographic data obtained by seals.
Warming can reduce annual CO2 sequestration in cropland by inducing a negative impact on net CO2 uptake during the peak growing season, suggest twelve years of hourly CO2 measurements from a tall tower in the United States Corn Belt.
Nitrogen-cascading increases in warmer climates and median nitrate concentrations are lower in rivers compared to aquifers globally, according to a global synthesis of nitrogen isotope data in rivers and aquifers.
Natural variability makes future projections of hypoxia in the Baltic Sea uncertain, but nutrient load reductions can reduce its severity, shows a large range of future scenarios downscaled from an ensemble of Earth System models.
Country-level conditions such as civil liberty are highly predictive of climate change belief, whereas individual attributes such as education are related more to awareness than belief, suggests a random-forest analysis of individual attitudes in 143 countries.
The subpolar North Atlantic Ocean warmed sharply after 2016 as the transport of warm saline waters from the western subtropics was enhanced - following a period of cooling between 2006 and 2016 - according to analyses of observations via idealized modelling and machine-learning techniques.
The influence of double-diffusive mixing on the global mechanical energy budget is small, according an analysis of in-situ ocean observations, but its regional impact, for example, near Australia, could be important.
Calcium carbonate transported by subducting slabs could explain elevated ferric iron content in the upper mantle through redox reactions with iron-rich garnet and graphite as products, according to high-pressure, high-temperature experiments
Coastal wetlands restored by Nature-based Solutions can trap more sediments than natural ones, and their efficiency is mainly determined by sediment supply, according to a meta-analysis of studies globally.
Dehydration of serpentinised mantle during subduction of the hyper-extended margin of an approaching continent drove a magmatic flare-up which caused crustal thickening recorded in the Kabyé Massif, Togo, according to petrological and geochronological analyses.
Tropical rainfall variability associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation increases nonlinearly with rising sea-surface temperatures in a warming climate, through increased moisture sensitivity as well as dynamic contributions, suggest analyses of the CMIP6 climate model simulations.
Transient states influence the sustainable or unsustainable trajectories of social-ecological systems and lead to time lags between rapid regime shifts and the change or intervention which caused them, according to theoretical models of island states.
Summertime low clouds in the Arctic play an important role in inducing sea ice melt as they amplify warming from high pressure systems aloft through radiative effects and feedbacks, according to analyses of observations and model simulations.
Terrestrial chemolithotrophic microbes living on Martian crustal material produce distinct biosignatures which could be detected by future missions searching for evidence of past life, according to experiments on a Noachian Martian meteorite.
Shifts in the mixing regimes of lakes in a changing climate are projected to vary with altitude, with mid-altitude lakes particularly affected, according to simulations of 29 Swiss lakes with a physical lake model and downscaled climate projections.
Removal of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide from the water column is significant under fully oxygenated conditions, show high latitude Atlantic Ocean bacterial N2O consumption data.
Fossilized anaerobic fungi are identified in the largest impact structure in Europe and may have fuelled methane production in energy-poor anoxic environments, according to microscale observations and isotopic analyses