Abstract
Integrin α5β1 expression is correlated with a worse prognosis in high-grade glioma. We previously unraveled a negative crosstalk between integrin α5β1 and p53 pathway, which was proposed to be part of the resistance of glioblastoma to chemotherapies. The restoration of p53 tumor-suppressor function is under intensive investigations for cancer therapy. However, p53-dependent apoptosis is not always achieved by p53-reactivating compounds such as Nutlin-3a, although full transcriptional activity of p53 could be obtained. Here we investigated whether integrin α5β1 functional inhibition or repression could sensitize glioma cells to Nutlin-3a-induced p53-dependent apoptosis. We discovered that α5β1 integrin-specific blocking antibodies or small RGD-like antagonists in association with Nutlin-3a triggered a caspase (Casp) 8/Casp 3-dependent strong apoptosis in glioma cells expressing a functional p53. We deciphered the molecular mechanisms involved and we showed the crucial role of two anti-apoptotic proteins, phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 (PEA-15) and survivin in glioma cell apoptotic outcome. PEA-15 is under α5β1 integrin/AKT (protein kinase B) control and survivin is a p53-repressed target. Moreover, interconnections between integrin and p53 pathways were revealed. Indeed PEA-15 repression by specific small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-activated p53 pathway to repress survivin and conversely survivin repression by specific siRNA decreased α5β1 integrin expression. This pro-apoptotic loop could be generalized to several glioma cell lines, whatever their p53 status, inasmuch PEA-15 and survivin protein levels were decreased. Our findings identify a novel mechanism whereby inhibition of α5β1 integrin and activation of p53 modulates two anti-apoptotic proteins crucially involved in the apoptotic answer of glioma cells. Importantly, our results suggest that high-grade glioma expressing high level of α5β1 integrin may benefit from associated therapies including integrin antagonists and repressors of survivin expression.
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Main
In recent years, integrins have attracted increasing interest for their potential to act as tumor therapeutic targets.1, 2 First recognized as adhesion molecules to the extracellular matrix (ECM), it is now acknowledged that they act as receptors regulating intracellular signaling and cellular responses.3 Integrins are αβ protein heterodimers whose association defines the specificity for ECM components. Regulating crosstalks between cells and their microenvironment, integrins are relevant in key aspects of tumors. Depending on the tumor type, the expression of specific integrins differs between tumoral tissues and their corresponding healthy tissues. For example, α5β1 and αvβ3/β5 integrin overexpression on neo-vessels during tumor angiogenic switch led to the proposition of new anti-angiogenic therapies.4 In tumor cells, integrins impact on proliferation/survival, therapy resistances and tumor recurrence. α5β1 integrin has emerged recently and has been shown to participate in aggressiveness of solid tumors 5,6,7,8,9 as reviewed in Schaffner et al.10 High expression of α5 integrin is associated with a decrease in patient overall survival, making α5β1 integrin an important factor in resistance to therapies. Numerous preclinical data support the ability of integrin antagonists to disrupt integrin signaling pathways leading to inhibition of angiogenesis and/or tumor growth but also to sensitization toward therapies.
Glioblastomas (GBM) or WHO grade 4 astrocytoma are the most refractory brain tumors to conventional/targeted therapies. The prognosis of GBM patients remains worse and has not improved since the approbation of the Stupp protocol.11 Even if new strategies had appeared promising, relapses mostly occurred because of innate and acquired therapy resistances. GBM recapitulate the fundamental hallmarks of cancer.12 All of these hallmarks can be modulated by the ECM and its sensing receptors such as integrins.13 Despite some negative outcome with αvβ3 integrin antagonist in GBM treatment,14 integrins remain pertinent targets for anticancer agents in view of their implications in various aspects of cancer progression. To move forward with integrins as therapeutic targets, more fundamental views of the crucial effects they may modulate must be obtained.
The tumor-suppressor p53 is implicated in tumor growth suppression, as well as in induction of apoptosis. As the guardian of the genome, its transcriptional activity governs genes implicated in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis but also DNA repair, metabolism.15 About 50% of cancers express a mutant functionally affected p53 protein.16, 17 In GBM, integrated genomic analysis identified subtypes differing in their p53 status.18 Even if p53 appears as one of the most frequently mutated gene in GBM,19 a window of wild-type p53 activation is possibly a therapeutic solution for a non-negligible number of GBM. Several ways for reactivation of p53 are currently under study in preclinical and clinical trials focusing mainly on the inhibition of the interactions between p53 and its negative regulator human double minute 2 (HDM2).20, 21 The consequences of p53 activation in tumor cells are variable ranging from cell cycle arrest/senescence and/or apoptosis and the balance between these outcomes determines the tumor regression in a tumor type-dependent way.22, 23 As apoptosis may be preferred over cell cycle arrest/senescence upon p53 reactivation, it is crucial to determine the factors implicated in p53-triggered apoptosis.
Along with others, we demonstrated that p53-induced activation either by genotoxic drugs24 or by inhibitors of HDM2 such as Nutlin-3a-triggered 25 senescence rather than apoptosis in GBM. We characterized a negative crosstalk between α5β1 integrin and p53wt implicated in temozolomide (TMZ) resistance.8 Antagonists of α5β1 integrin pushed TMZ-treated cells from senescence toward apoptosis while modulating the p53 pathway.24 Nutlin-3a, by inhibiting p53-HDM2 interaction, induced a huge increase in p53 activity but also decreased the expression level of α5 integrin in p53wt GBM or colon cancer cells.8, 26 Here, we investigated the potential benefit of targeting GBM with antagonists of α5β1 integrin and Nutlin-3a. We demonstrated the crucial role of two anti-apoptotic proteins, phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 (PEA-15) and survivin, in the apoptotic outcome of this dual targeting therapy.
Results
Inhibition of α5β1 integrin sensitizes p53wt glioma cells to Nutlin-3a
We demonstrated that α5β1 integrin interferes with the p53 pathway and that Nutlin-3a (10 μM) represses the α5 integrin subunit through the activation of p53.8, 24 We wondered whether α5 integrin repression would sensitize glioma cells to Nutlin-3a. We treated U87MG cells overexpressing (U87MG-α5 high) or repressed (U87MG-α5 low) for α5 integrin with different doses of Nutlin-3a and evaluated their clonogenic potential. U87MG-α5 low cells were more sensitive to Nutlin-3a compared with their α5 high counterparts at all concentrations used (Figure 1a). In addition, functional inhibition of α5β1 integrin with a specific non-peptidic antagonist, compound 2/K34c,27 sensitized U87MG-α5 high cells to Nutlin-3a (Figure 1b). Interestingly, although each compound alone partially inhibited clonogenic cell survival, their combination appeared more efficient (Figure 1b). Trypan blue exclusion assays revealed that only drug association had a clear cytotoxic effect (Figure 1c). Accordingly, the amount of apoptotic cells was largely increased by the combination, reaching 56±6% of the total cell population as compared with 20±5 in K34c and 16±4% in Nutlin-3a-treated cells (Figure 1d). Western blot analysis showed cleaved poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) and cleaved caspase (Casp) 3 only in the combination-treated cells confirming a massive induction of apoptosis by this treatment (Figure 1e). As expected, Nutlin-3a increased the p53 protein stability and activity (phosphorylation at ser15; Figure 1e). This increase was not associated with apoptotic markers. Although K34c had no effect on p53 by itself, its association with Nutlin-3a not only increased the p53 phosphorylation but also induced apoptosis (Figure 1e). Similar results were obtained in a primary GBM cell line (T20) with endogenous expression of α5 integrin and a p53wt protein (Figure 7a, Supplementary Figure S1a), although in this case Nutlin-3a had already an effect that was increased by K34c.
We then treated U87MG-α5 high cells with integrin function blocking antibodies (IIA1 for α5 integrin and 69.6.5 for αv integrin). The specific anti-α5 integrin antibody was able, in combination with Nutlin-3a, to induce a strong increase in apoptotic markers (Figure 2a). RGD-like integrin small antagonists27 (Supplementary Table 1) alone or in association with Nutlin-3a were next evaluated. Data clearly demonstrated that only antagonists with a high affinity for α5β1 integrin (compound 1 and 2/K34c) were able to sensitize cells toward apoptosis in contrast to compound 3 (high affinity for αv integrins) (Figure 2b). The increase in apoptotic markers was related to an increase in Casp 3 activity as only specific antibodies or small molecules against α5 integrin had a significant impact in association with Nutlin-3a (Figure 2c). This increased Casp 3 activity obtained with α5β1 integrin antagonists was lost in U87MG-α5 low cells (Figure 2d), which already increased their basal level of active Casp 3 with a further increase by Nutlin-3a (Figure 2e).
Thus, our data suggested that disabling the α5β1-triggered survival pathways in association with the pharmacological reactivation of p53 by Nutlin-3a is synthetic lethal in glioma cells.
Integrin α5β1 antagonist inhibits the AKT/PEA-15/Casp 8 pathway to trigger apoptosis
We next investigated which integrin signaling pathways may be inhibited by α5β1 integrin antagonists to allow apoptosis during p53 reactivation. We checked the implication of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT (protein kinase B) survival pathway known to be under integrin control.28 The amount of active AKT (pser473-AKT) was higher in U87MG-α5 high cells compared with U87MG-α5 low cells. This activity is decreased by the α5β1 integrin antagonist K34c (Figure 3a) and further decreased by Nutlin-3a (Figure 3b). Direct inhibition of AKT by MK-2206, completely suppressed pser473-AKT, induced Casp 3 cleavage and Casp 3 activity, effects that were further increased by the addition of Nutlin-3a (Supplementary Figure S2). In tumoral cells including glioma, AKT controls the stability and the anti-apoptotic function of the protein PED/PEA-15 by its phosphorylation on ser116.29, 30 We explored the effect of K34c on PED/PEA-15 expression and phosphorylation in U87MG-α5 high cells. Both were decreased by K34c but not affected by Nutlin-3a (Figure 3c). The role of PEA-15 in the cell apoptosis was further investigated by the use of specific small-interfering RNA (siRNA). After depletion of PEA-15 and Nutlin-3a treatment, Casp 3 cleavage and activity looked like the one obtained by the association of K34c and Nutlin-3a (Figure 3d). Similar results were obtained in the primary GBM cell line, T20 (Supplementary Figure S1b). Inversely, overexpression of PEA-15 by transfection with a pcDNA-PEA-15 vector completely inhibited the induction of apoptosis triggered by the co-treatment (Figure 3e).
Integrin-mediated death and/or anoikis have been linked to the activation of Casp 8 (Marcon et al.31) and PEA-15 is known to bind to Casp 8 and to block apoptosis through its inhibition.32 We evaluated Casp 8 activation by western blot in U87MG-α5 high cells treated by K34c, Nutlin-3a or both. Enhanced cleaved Casp 8 was detected only in cells treated with both drugs (Figure 3f). Interestingly, the Casp 3 activity was completely blocked by cell preincubation with the specific Casp 8 inhibitor (Z-IETD-fmk) before treatments (Figure 3g). In addition, inhibition of cell proliferation by the co-treatment (K34c and Nutlin-3a) was equally reversed by preincubation of the cells with an inhibitor of Casp 3 (z-DEVD-fmk) or the inhibitor of Casp 8 (Figure 3h).
Taken together, our data suggest that sensitization to Nutlin-3a pro-apoptotic effect by α5β1 integrin antagonists is linked to the inhibition of an integrin/AKT/PEA-15/Casp 8 signaling pathway in U87MG-α5 high cells.
Implication of p53 activation in the induction of apoptosis
We next examined the p53-dependent factors underlying the pro-apoptotic outcome. Transcription of p53 transcriptionally induced genes, fas (Figure 4a), bax, noxa, p21 and hdm2 (Supplementary figure S3a), was increased by Nutlin-3a confirming the activation of p53. The α5β1 antagonist K34c alone was unable to change the level of p53 targets and a significant increase over Nutlin-3a effects was only obtained for bax and noxa (Supplementary Figure S3a) pro-apoptotic targets but not fas (Figure 4a), p21 and hdm2 (Supplementary Figure S3a) when it was associated with Nutlin-3a. However, FAS (Figure 4b) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-associated X protein (BAX) (Supplementary Figure S3b) proteins were not increased by the co-treatment. Similarly, p21 and HDM2 proteins were increased by Nutlin-3a but not further increased by K34c (Supplementary Figure S3b). It is already known that p53 also has the capability to repress oncogenic/anti-apoptotic factors,33 which is crucial to elicit p53-dependent robust apoptosis.34 Three repressible p53-target genes, birc5 (baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) repeat containing 5; Figure 4c), c-myc and bcl-2 (Supplementary Figure S3c) were largely decreased at the mRNA level after Nutlin-3a treatment but only birc5 was further decreased by the addition of K34c (Figure 4c and Supplementary Figure S3c). At the protein level, survivin encoded by birc5 gene (Figure 4d) and bcl-2 (Supplementary Figure S3d) appeared significantly downregulated by the combo treatment as compared with Nutlin-3a alone. As a confirmation of a role of p53-dependent survivin decrease in the induction of apoptosis, depletion of survivin by specific siRNA in U87MG-α5 high cells led to a slight increase in cleaved Parp/Casp 3 and Casp 3 activity but addition of K34c significantly further increased these effects to the level of K34c/Nutlin-3a co-treatment (Figure 4e). Similar results were obtained in the primary GBM cell line, T20 (Supplementary Figure S1c). Inversely, overexpression of survivin in U87MG-α5 high cells led to a complete inhibition of Parp/Casp 3 cleavage and Casp 3 activation, further confirming its anti-apoptotic role (Figure 4f).
Data indicated that p53 was highly activated by Nutlin-3a in U87MG cells as several known target genes were transcriptionally increased or decreased as were their corresponding proteins. This p53 activation alone did not allow a full pro-apoptotic program. When α5β1 integrin pathway was concomitantly blocked by K34c, pro-apoptotic targets were increased at the mRNA level but not at the protein level. However, the anti-apoptotic birc5 gene and the corresponding protein survivin were both further decreased by the combination treatment. Taken together, data thus suggested that repression of two anti-apoptotic proteins is crucial for induction of apoptosis in glioma cells expressing high level of α5 integrin. PEA-15 is mainly under the control of the α5β1 integrin and repressed by a specific integrin antagonist and survivin is mainly repressed by Nutlin-dependent p53 activation.
α5β1 integrin and p53 pathways crosstalk through PEA-15 and survivin
We reasoned that PEA-15 may be one of the links between α5β1 integrin and p53 pathways. Interestingly, similarly to the depletion of α5 integrin,8 depletion of PEA-15 in U87MG-α5 high cells stabilized and activated p53 (Figure 5a). Addition of Nutlin-3a to siPEA-15 cells significantly enhanced the p53 expression/phosphorylation compared with control si-nt cells (Figure 5a). PEA-15-depleted cells exhibited an enhanced basal level of fas and a decreased level of birc5, bcl-2 and c-myc mRNA again in a similar manner than depletion of α5 integrin (Figure 5b). Interestingly, p53 stabilization/activation by PEA-15 depletion were of the same order of magnitude than those obtained with TMZ alone but association of both treatment did not enhance the genotoxic activation of p53 (Figure 5a) suggesting that the mode of activation of p53 has an impact on the cell answer. As PEA-15 depletion led to an accumulation of p53 protein, modulation of HDM2 is possibly implicated. In fact, si-PEA-15 decreased significantly HDM2 protein level (Figure 5c) and PEA-15 overexpression increased it (Figure 5d). As the transcription of hdm2 was not affected by PEA-15 (Figure 5b), we studied the regulation of HDM2 on a posttranscriptional level. The half-life of HDM2 was clearly enhanced by PEA-15 overexpression in U87MG-α5 high cells (Figure 5d).
Data thus confirmed that PEA-15 linked integrin and p53 pathways, presumably by regulating the p53–HDM2 interaction. These results also show that the decrease of α5 integrin or PEA-15 expression levels mostly affected known p53-repressed target genes supporting their role in p53-dependent robust apoptosis. In LNZ308 cells (p53KO), repression of PEA-15 did not affect birc5 or bcl-2 mRNA levels confirming the p53 pathway implication (Supplementary Figure S4).
We showed elsewhere that, by activating p53, Nutlin-3a inhibited the expression of α5 integrin, which in turn makes cells more susceptible to death.8, 26 Previous works suggested that survivin positively regulates the α5 integrin expression.35, 36 We therefore investigated if survivin depletion may affect α5 integrin expression in glioma cells. In U87MG-α5 high cells, Nutlin-3a treatment or survivin depletion led to a decrease in α5 integrin expression level (Figure 6a), which was further significantly and dose dependently enhanced by K34c (Figure 6b). Survivin repression affected both α5 integrin mRNA and protein level, although survivin overexpression only increased the protein level (Figure 6c). Thus, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of α5 integrin expression may be driven by survivin. In fact, the half-life of α5 integrin was increased by overexpression of survivin in U87MG-α5 high cells (Figure 6d). In addition, the decrease in α5 integrin expression by survivin repression and inhibition of the integrin was a general phenomenon in glioma cells (Figure 6e).
Results uncovered two convergent and interconnected pathways, controlling glioma cell apoptosis and implicating α5β1/PEA-15 loop, which modulates the p53 pathway and the p53/survivin loop modulating α5β1 integrin pathway.
Repression of PEA-15 and survivin is synthetic lethal in glioma cells
We next looked for a potential relationship between α5β1 integrin, PEA-15, survivin expression levels and p53 status in different glioma cell lines, two patient-derived primary GBM cell lines (T17 and T20) and two GBM stem-like cells (NCH644 and NCH421k). No significant relationships could be recorded between α5 expression and PEA-15 or survivin expression in basal culture conditions (Figure 7a, left). Interestingly, α5 integrin expression was higher in p53wt cells but inversely survivin was statistically more expressed in cells with a mutant p53 (Figure 7a, right). Data are in line with those we obtained recently in a cohort of patient biopsies indicating that α5 integrin mRNA level is high in p53wt tumors8 suggesting that it participates to the functional inhibition of p53 pathway in glioma. An enhanced level of survivin in p53 mutant cells fits pertinently with its negative control by a functional p53. PEA-15 did not correlate with any p53 status. To further explore the relationship between PEA-15 and α5 integrin, we compared U87MG and U373MG control cells with their respective counterparts overexpressing the α5 subunit. It appeared (Figure 7b) that expression of phosphoPEA-15 and PEA-15 is related to the expression of α5 integrin in both cell lines. Thus, data suggested that under conditions where α5 integrin is highly expressed (in recurrent tumors, for example, DeLay et al.37), PEA-15 may be considered as an anti-apoptotic factor.
Based on these results, we questioned the pertinence of PEA-15 and survivin as targets for pro-apoptotic signaling in other glioma cell lines. We evaluated the effects of Nutlin-3a with/without K34c in U373MG-α5 high cells (mutant p53). In these cells, Nutlin-3a, K34c or both did not inhibit proliferation (Figure 7c) and did not induce apoptosis (Figure 7d and Supplementary Figure S5b). K34c decreased the expression of PEA-15 but Nutlin-3a did not decrease survivin as expected. However, PARP and Casp 3 were cleaved with survivin siRNA in association with K34c (Figure 7e).
In similar experimental conditions, Nutlin-3a, K34c or both had no effect on LNZ308 (p53KO) proliferation and apoptosis (Figures 7f and g and Supplementary Figure S5c). Neither survivin (due to the absence of p53) nor PEA-15 (due to a low expression of α5 integrin – Supplementary Figure S5a) expression levels were modulated by Nutlin-3a or K34c, respectively (Figure 7g). In these cells, repression of both survivin and PEA-15 by specific siRNAs recapitulated cell apoptosis (Figure 7h).
These results add evidences that only repression of both anti-apoptotic proteins together triggers apoptosis in glioma cells. In p53 mutant/KO cells, Nutlin-3a is unable to repress survivin, which may be overpassed by survivin-specific siRNA. K34c did not affect PEA-15 expression in α5 low-expressing cells, which may be overpassed by PEA-15-specific siRNA. Data thus confirm the implication of PEA-15 and survivin as major factors in glioma resistance to apoptosis and suggest a synthetic lethal interaction between them.
Discussion
GBM are highly resistant to apoptosis even if they express a functional p53 protein. To achieve successful anticancer therapy, it is primordial to characterize pathways hindering the apoptotic answer in the context of p53 activation. We demonstrated a negative crosstalk between α5β1 integrin and p53 pathways in glioma, which was confirmed in this study. According to our new data, two main conclusions are proposed: (1) the inhibition of α5β1 integrin oncogenic pathways sensitizes glioma cells to p53-reactivation-dependent apoptotic cues, and (2) interconnected anti-apoptotic pathways depending on two proteins, PEA-15 and survivin, may explain glioma resistance to apoptosis. These two proteins may be interesting therapeutic targets for pro-apoptotic strategies in high-grade glioma.
PEA-15 is a multifunctional protein known (1) to modulate α5β1 integrin activity,38 (2) to be included in the α5β1 adhesome39 and (3) to bind to Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and/or Casp 8 in the apoptotic death-inducing signaling complex.32 PEA-15 can be phosphorylated on ser116 by AKT and on ser104 by protein kinase C leading to different functional implications.40 In fact, unphosphorylated PEA-15 acts as a tumor suppressor by sequestering extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the cytoplasm and thus inhibits proliferation. In tumoral cells with an exacerbated AKT signaling, phosphorylated-PEA-15 switches from tumor suppressor to tumor promoter by interfering with FADD/Casp 8 and apoptosis. A tumor-suppressor role of PEA-15 was proposed in brain tumors based on its decreased expression at the mRNA and protein level in GBM compared with low-grade astrocytoma with 50% of GBM nevertheless having high PEA-15 expression.41, 42 Interestingly, expression of pser116-PEA-15 was confined in specific intratumoral area with the strongest immunoreactivity in perinecrotic area.43 Our preliminary results indicated that α5 integrin could also be localized in these particular area in GBM specimens (data not shown). Although suspected to be inversely regulated during tumor progression, PEA-15 has been involved in therapy resistances in tumors including glioma.30, 32, 44, 45, 46 However, no relationship between PEA-15 and the p53 pathway has been described to date. Our data demonstrated that PEA-15 has an impact on p53 stability/activity and is essential to inhibit p53-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, PEA-15 overexpression increased HDM2 protein stability, an effect presumably involved in the inhibition of p53. We cannot exclude that PEA-15 acts through other mechanisms. We showed that PEA-15 mainly impacted on the p53-dependent repression of anti-apoptotic/survival genes, which was shown to be dependent of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).33 Indeed, PEA-15 is able to inhibit JNK and p38 MAPK47 and its repression may activate the JNK/p53 pathway. Elucidation of the fine tuning of p53 activity by PEA-15 deserves, however, further studies.
Survivin, which belongs to the IAP family, is relevant in GBM48 and has been correlated with malignant astrocytic tumors.49, 50 Survivin participates to glioma radio- and chemotherapy resistance50, 51, 52 and a selective inhibitor of survivin, YM155, is currently under clinical trials.53, 54, 55 Beside the p53-dependent transcriptional control of survivin, other pathways including the PI3K/AKT or the integrin-linked kinase pathway driven by tyrosine kinase receptors or integrins51, 50, 56 have been implicated in its regulation. Survivin is thus confirmed as a pertinent therapeutic target in GBM and strategies aiming to decrease its expression should be considered. In line with its capability to modulate the α5 integrin expression, repression of survivin will be particularly relevant in high-grade glioma overexpressing α5 integrin.
The restoration of p53 tumor-suppressor function is increasingly considered as an attractive therapeutic strategy for hematological and solid tumors. Several small inhibitors of HDM2-p53 complex are proposed and some already entered clinical trials. Nutlin-3a was the lead compound in the field57 but few data addressed its effects in GBM. Here, we show that it activated p53-dependent transcription of pro-apoptotic targets but also repressed anti-apoptotic genes confirming other works25 without inducing full apoptosis in glioma cells overexpressing the α5β1 integrin. Repression of anti-apoptotic/survival genes in addition with induction of pro-apoptotic targets was shown to critically control the apoptotic outcome of RITA-treated cancer cells.34, 58,59,60 In glioma cells, we found that Nutlin-3a behaved as shown previously for RITA regarding the p53 transcriptional repression activity.34 However, high expression of α5β1 integrin conferred another anti-apoptotic signaling, which we identified to be in part supported by PEA-15. We propose that this integrin may be integrated in the growing list of molecular determinants of the p53 tumor-suppressor activity.61, 62, 63
Response to chemotherapy may be hindered by p53-mediated cell cycle arrest or senescence.64, 65 As shown here, functional inhibition of the α5β1 integrin may represent a new way to sensitize glioma cells to the p53-dependent pro-apoptotic effect of Nutlin-3a. Importantly, data shown here stress the important contribution of two anti-apoptotic proteins, PEA-15 and survivin, in the control of apoptosis. Inhibition of integrin/PEA-15 loop sustains the p53 activation loop, which in turn activates a negative feedback loop through survivin (Figure 8). Robust apoptosis is uniquely obtained by the combined repression of both proteins, whatever the cell p53 status. Our results may have clinical implications in the context of p53-reactivating drugs/radio-chemotherapies and integrin-dependent antitumoral strategies. We identified new interacting signaling pathways, which may be exploited in glioma but also in other solid tumors depending on the oncogenic activity of the α5β1 integrin. According to our results, a potential survival advantage for sub-population of patients with glioma expressing high level of the α5β1 integrin may be obtained through the association of α5β1 integrin antagonists with drugs able to repress survivin.
Materials and Methods
Cell lines and compounds
U87MG, U373MG and T98G cells were obtained from ATCC (Molsheim, France) and EACC (Saint Quentin Fallavier, France), respectively. LN443, LN229, LN18, LNZ308 and LN319 cells were kindly provided by Pr M Hegi (Lausanne, Switzerland). SF767 and SF763 were kindly provided by Dr. V Rigot (Marseille, France). All the cell lines were cultured in standard medium as described elsewhere.8 Glioma stem cells NCH421k and NCH644 were kindly provided by Dr. C Herold-Mende (Heidelberg, Germany) and maintained in neurosphere culture medium.66 Early passage (<10) patient-derived GBM culture T17 and T20 were obtained from human GBM biopsies and used to confirm the data obtained with long-term established cell lines. The p53 status of all cell lines (as indicated in Ishii et al.67) was confirmed by Next Generation Sequencing on a MiSeq Illumina platform using a TruSeq Custom Amplicon library targeting tumor protein p53 exons 5–11 at a minimum of 500X coverage per sample and by western blot analysis of p53 expression. Accordingly, T17 and T20 primary GBM express a wild-type p53 and NCH421k and NCH644 GBM stem cells expressed both a mutant p53.
U87MG- and U373MG-α5 high and low cells were obtained as described elsewhere.8 The U87MG cell line was genetically manipulated to stably overexpress (U87MG-α5 high cells – by transfecting a pcDNA3.1 plasmid containing the human α5 integrin gene, provided by Dr. Ruoshlati, La Jolla, CA, USA) or to stably repress the α5 integrin subunit (U87MG-α5 low cells – by transfecting a pSM2 plasmid coding for a short-hairpin RNA targeting the α5 mRNA, OpenBiosystems, Huntsville, AL, USA). After selection, transfected cells were subcloned to obtain homogenous cell populations. Similarly, U373MG cells stably overexpressing the α5 integrin subunit (U373-α5 high cells) were used in this work. Small non-peptidic integrin antagonists have been described elsewhere27, 68 (structures, affinities and related publications are given in Supplementary table 1). Briefly, compound 1 and 2/K34c were synthesized on solid support and specifically targets the integrin α5β1, whereas compound 3 was synthesized in solution and shows selectivity for αvβ3. The biological activities of these small non-peptidic integrin antagonists were determined in a competitive solid-phase integrin binding assay.
Integrin α5 and αv blocking antibodies were, respectively, IIA1 (BD Biosciences, Le Pont de Claix, France) and 69.6.5.69 MK-2206 was from CliniSciences (Nanterre, France), Z-IETD-fmk and Z-DEVD-fmk from BD Biosciences and Nutlin-3a from Cayman (Interchim, Montluçon, France).
Cell viability and clonogenic assays
Cell viability was determined by Trypan blue exclusion method. Cells were plated (100 000 cells per well) into six-well plates and treated for 24, 48 or 72 h with solvent or drugs in 2% FBS containing medium. Viable cells were counted with the TC20 cell counter (Bio-Rad, Marnes La Coquette, France).
Colony formation assay was performed as previously described.8 Cells were plated (500 cells per well) into six-well culture plates and treated for 72 h with specific drugs or solvents in 2% FBS containing medium. Medium was thereafter renewed with fresh 10% FBS containing medium and cells allowed to grow further for 10 days. Colonies were fixed and stained with crystal violet/ethanol (0.1%, w/v) and counted. The surviving fraction was determined by the ratio of cells surviving to a specific drug treatment relative to their solvent-treated counterparts.
Western blotting
Proteins were separated on precast gradient 4-20% SDS-PAGE gels (Bio-Rad) and transferred to PVDF membrane (GE Healthcare, Velizy, France). Membranes were probed with primary antibodies against α5 integrin (HI04), FAS, HDM2, BCL2, p21 (Santa Cruz, Heidelberg, Deutschland), p53 (BD Biosciences), GAPDH, PEA15pser116, BAX, c-MYC (Millipore, Molsheim, France). p53pser15, AKT, AKTpser473, GSK3βser9, cleaved Casp 3, Casp 8, PARP, survivin, PEA-15 and PEA15pser116 antibodies were from Cell Signaling (Ozyme, Saint Quentin Yvelines, France). Immunological complexes were revealed with anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG coupled peroxidase antibodies (Promega, Charbonnieres-les-Bains, France) using chemoluminescence (ECL, Bio-Rad) and visualized with Las4000 image analyzer (GE Healthcare). Quantification of non-saturated images was performed with ImageJ software (National institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). GAPDH was used as the loading control for all samples.
Apoptosis assays
Cells were stained with Annexin V–FITC and PI, and evaluated for apoptosis by flow cytometry (FACS Calibur – Becton-Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA) as described elsewhere.8 Percentage of Annexin V-positive cells (early and late apoptotic cells) was measured using the FlowJo analysis software (Ashland, OR, USA).
Casp 3 activity was determined using a Casp 3 fluorimetric assay kit (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 12-h cell treatments, cleavage of Ac-DEVD-AMC was assessed at 360/460 nm using a Xenius XM plate reader (Safas, Monaco, UK). As specified in the figure legends, cell permeable inhibitors of Casp 3 or 8 (z-DEVD-fmk or z-IETD-fmk, 50 μM) were incubated 1 h before the cell treatments.
Cell transfections
Non-targeting siRNA (siGENOME Non-targeting siRNA pool #2; si-nt) or specific siRNA for human PEA-15 (smart pool ON-TARGET plus PEA-15 siRNA; siPEA-15) and BIRC5 (smart pool ON-TARGET plus birc5 siRNA; sibirc5) were from Dharmacon (Courtaboeuf, France). The transfection reagent jetPRIME was from Polyplus Transfection (Illkirch Graffenstaden, France). Manufacturer's instructions were followed to transiently inhibit the protein expression and transfection efficacy was verified by western blotting of protein of interest.
The pcDNA3.1 vector containing the PEA-15 gene was a kind gift from Dr. Beguinot (Naples, Italy). Cells were transfected with 1 μg plasmid during 24 h in Lipofectamine and transfection efficacy was verified by western blot. The pcDNA3.1 vector containing the survivin gene was a kind gift from Dr. Lemarie (Toulouse, France). Cells were transfected with 1 μg plasmid during 24 h and transfection efficacy was verified by western blot.
Real-time PCR analysis
RNA extracted with RNeasy minikit (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France), according to the manufacturer protocol, was transcribed into cDNA using the high capacity cDNA kit (Applied Biosystem, Saint Aubin, France). Real-time quantitative PCR was performed using the StepOne Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystem) (for primer sequences, see Supplementary Table 2).
Statistical analysis
Data are represented as the mean±S.E.M., and n is the number of independent experiments. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Student's t-test or the Mann–Whitney test with the GraphPad Prism program (La Jolla, CA, USA). P<0.05 was considered significant.
Abbreviations
- Bax:
-
BCL2-associated X protein
- BCL2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2
- Birc5:
-
baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5
- Casp:
-
caspase
- ECM:
-
extracellular matrix
- FADD:
-
Fas-associated protein with death domain
- GSKβ:
-
glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- HDM2:
-
human double minute 2
- IAP:
-
inhibitor of apoptosis proteins
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MAPK:
-
mitogen-activated protein kinase
- PARP:
-
poly ADP ribose polymerase
- PEA-15:
-
phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15
- PI3K:
-
phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PKB (or AKT):
-
protein kinase B
- siRNA:
-
small-interfering RNA
- TMZ:
-
temozolomide
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Acknowledgements
We thank Pr HEGI (Lausanne, Switzerland) for the LN series of glioma cells, Dr. Herold-Mende (Heidelberg, Germany) for the glioma stem-like cells NCH421k and NCH644, and Dr. Rigot (Marseille, France) for the SF763 and SF767 cell lines. We also thank Pr Beguinot (Naples, Italia) for providing the pcDNA3.1-PEA-15 plasmid and Dr. Lemarie (Toulouse, France) for the pcDNA-survivin plasmid. This work was supported by the University of Strasbourg, the Ligue Contre le Cancer (Comité du Grand Est), the Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, the Cancéropole Grand Est, the Region Alsace. Guillaume Renner is a predoctoral fellow from the French Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche. H Janouskova was a predoctoral fellow from the French Ministère des Affaires Etrangères and from the Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer.
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Renner, G., Janouskova, H., Noulet, F. et al. Integrin α5β1 and p53 convergent pathways in the control of anti-apoptotic proteins PEA-15 and survivin in high-grade glioma. Cell Death Differ 23, 640–653 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2015.131
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2015.131
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