Abstract
Background/objectives
Both self-reported dietary information and urinary excretion have limitations in the assessment of phosphorus intake. We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate dietary phosphorus intake by dietary records (DR) and 24-h urine collections (UC) and examined associated factors.
Subjects/methods
A total of 161 men and 161 women aged 20–69 years completed a 4-day DR and two 24-h UC. Phosphorus intake by UC was estimated using the mean phosphorus absorption rate of 14 papers. Associations between phosphorus intake and urinary excretion and age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, education, and smoking status were examined using multiple linear regression.
Results
Phosphorus intake estimated by UC was higher than that estimated by DR (mean: 1393 vs. 1176 mg/day, P < 0.0001 in men; 1082 vs. 1021 mg/day, P = 0.008 in women). Values were significantly correlated (r = 0.29, P = 0.0002 in men; r = 0.30, P = 0.0001 in women). Phosphorus intake estimated by DR was positively associated with age in women. Male current smokers consumed less phosphorus than never smokers. Higher urinary phosphorus excretion was associated with higher BMI in both sexes and higher physical activity in women.
Conclusions
This study showed dietary phosphorus intakes estimated by 4-day DR and by 2-day UC in adults. Although dietary phosphorus intake estimated by DR showed moderate correlation with that by UC, they differed in their association with age, BMI, physical activity, and smoking status.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amiri FS. Contemporary management of phosphorus retention in chronic kidney disease: a review. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2015;19:985–99.
Pinheiro MM, Schuch NJ, Genaro PS, Ciconelli RM, Ferraz MB, Martini LA. Nutrient intakes related to osteoporotic fractures in men and women—The Brazilian Osteoporosis Study (BRAZOS). Nutr J. 2009;8:6.
Yamamoto KT, Robinson-Cohen C, de Oliveira MC, Kostina A, Nettleton JA, Ix JH, et al. Dietary phosphorus is associated with greater left ventricular mass. Kidney Int. 2013;83:707–14.
Chang AR, Lazo M, Appel LJ, Gutiérrez OM, Grams ME. High dietary phosphorus intake is associated with all-cause mortality: results from NHANES III. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:320–7.
Calvo MS, Uribarri J. Contributions to total phosphorus intake: all sources considered. Semin Dial. 2013;26:54–61.
Sullivan CM, Leon JB, Sehgal AR. Phosphorus containing food additives and the accuracy of nutrient databases: implications for renal patients. J Ren Nutr. 2007;17:350–4.
Sherman RA, Mehta O. Dietary phosphorus restriction in dialysis patients: potential impact of processed meat, poultry, and fish products as protein sources. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54:18–23.
Water GL. Water everywhere, but what to drink? An update on hidden phosphorus in popular beverages. J Ren Nutr. 2010;20:e1–5.
Calvo MS, Moshfegh AJ, Tucker KL. Assessing the health impact of phosphorus in the food supply: issues and considerations. Adv Nutr. 2014;5:104–13.
Calvo MS, Uribarri J. Public health impact of dietary phosphorus excess on bone and cardiovascular health in the general population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:6–15.
The Consumer Affairs Agency. Cabinet Office Ordinance No.10. Food Labeling Standards. The Consumer Affairs Agency. 2013. http://www.caa.go.jp/foods/pdf/150320_kijyun.pdf. Accessed 15 Nov 2016.
Hedrick VE, Dietrich AM, Estabrooks PA, Savla J, Serrano E, Davy BM. Dietary biomarkers: advances, limitations and future directions. Nutr J. 2012;11:109.
Shim J-S, Oh K, Kim HC. Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014009.
Potischman N. Biologic and methodologic issues for nutritional biomarkers. J Nutr. 2003;133:875S–80S.
Morimoto Y, Sakuma M, Ohta H, Suzuki A, Matsushita A, Umeda M, et al. Estimate of dietary phosphorus intake using 24-h urine collection. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2014;55:62–6.
Cupisti A, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Management of natural and added dietary phosphorus burden in kidney disease. Semin Nephrol. 2013;33:180–90.
McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. Bioavailable dietary phosphate, a mediator of cardiovascular disease, may be decreased with plant-based diets, phosphate binders, niacin, and avoidance of phosphate additives. Nutrition. 2014;30:739–47.
Thompson FE, Subar AF, Loria CM, Reedy JL, Baranowski T. Need for technological innovation in dietary assessment. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:48–51.
The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. National Health and Dietary survey 2012. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 2014. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/eiyou/dl/h24-houkoku.pdf. Accessed 20 Sep 2016.
Asakura K, Uechi K, Sasaki Y, Masayasu S, Sasaki S. Estimation of sodium and potassium intakes assessed by two 24 h urine collections in healthy Japanese adults: a nationwide study. Br J Nutr. 2014;112:1195–205.
Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, et al. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:S498–504.
Murakami K, Sasaki S, Okubo H, Takahashi Y, Hosoi Y, Itabashi M. Association between dietary fiber, water and magnesium intake and functional constipation among young Japanese women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61:616–22.
Science and Technology Agency. Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2010. Science and Technology Agency. Tokyo: Official Gazette Co-operation of Japan; 2010.
Murakami K, Sasaki S, Takahashi Y, Uenishi K, Watanabe T, Kohri T, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of published strategies using urinary creatinine to identify incomplete 24-h urine collection. Nutrition. 2008;24:16–22.
Yamada T. Studies on mineral nutrition and exercise in men: effects of exercise on the metabolism and balance of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Jpn J Nutr Dietics. 2006;64:139–51.
Nishimuta M, Kodama N, Eiko M, Yoshioka YH, Hidemaro T, Yamada H, et al. Balances of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in Japanese young adults. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2004;50:19–25.
Berndt TJ, Schiavi S, Kumar R. ‘Phosphatonins’ and the regulation of phosphorus homeostasis. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2005;289:F1170–82.
BECNordin. Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium metabolism: clinical physiology and diagnostic procedures.. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1976.
Berndt T, Kumar R. Novel mechanisms in the regulation of phosphorus homeostasis. Physiol (Bethesda). 2009;24:17–25.
Knuiman JT, Hautvast JG, van der Heyden L, Geboers J, Joossens JV, Tornqvist H, et al. A multi-centre study on completeness of urine collection in 11 European centres. I. Some problems with the use of creatinine and 4-aminobenzoic acid as markers of the completeness of collection. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1986;40:229–37.
Dyer AR, Elliott P, Stamler J, Chan Q, Ueshima H, Zhou BF. Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: the INTERMAP Study. J Hum Hypertens. 2003;17:641–54.
Taylor EN, Curhan GC. Body size and 24-hour urine composition. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:905–15.
Mataix J, Aranda P, López-Jurado M, Sánchez C, Planells E, Llopis J. Factors influencing the intake and plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in southern Spain. Eur J Nutr. 2006;45:349–54.
Okuda T. Dietary intake, absorption and balance of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in eldery people. Jpn J Nutr Dietics. 1995;53:33–40.
Nouvenne A, Ticinesi A, Guerra A, Folesani G, Allegri F, Pinelli S, et al. Influence of lean and fat mass on bone mineral density and on urinary stone risk factors in healthy women. J Transl Med. 2013;11:248.
Zhang J. Under- and overreporting of energy intake using urinary cations as biomarkers: relation to body mass index. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:453–62.
Murakami K, Sasaki S, Okubo H, Freshmen in Dietetic Courses Study II Group. Characteristics of under- and over-reporters of energy intake among young Japanese women. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2012;58:253–62.
Kitano T, Esashi T, Azami S. Effect of protein intake on mineral (calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) balance in Japanese males. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1988;34:387–98.
Kobayashi S, Honda S, Murakami K, Sasaki S, Okubo H, Hirota N, et al. Both comprehensive and brief self-administered diet history questionnaires satisfactorily rank nutrient intakes in Japanese adults. J Epidemiol. 2012;22:151–9.
Taylor EN, Curhan GC. Differences in 24-hour urine composition between black and white women. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:654–9.
Miyake R, Tanaka S, Ohkawara K, Ishikawa-Takata K, Hikihara Y, Taguri E, et al. Validity of predictive equations for Basal metabolic rate in Japanese adults. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2011;57:224–32.
Subar AF, Kipnis V, Troiano RP, Midthune D, Schoeller DA, Bingham S, et al. Using intake biomarkers to evaluate the extent of dietary misreporting in a large sample of adults: The OPEN study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:1–13.
Benini O, D’Alessandro C, Gianfaldoni D, Cupisti A. Extra-phosphate load from food additives in commonly eaten foods: a real and insidious danger for renal patients. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21:303–8.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank all study members and participants.
Funding
This study was funded by Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant (no. H23-jyunkankitou (seishuu)-ippan-001) from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shinozaki, N., Murakami, K., Asakura, K. et al. Dietary phosphorus intake estimated by 4-day dietary records and two 24-hour urine collections and their associated factors in Japanese adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 72, 517–525 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0114-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0114-1
This article is cited by
-
The association of dietary phosphorus with blood pressure: results from a secondary analysis of the PREMIER trial
Journal of Human Hypertension (2020)