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Thrombotic microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in a patient with SLE: diagnostic difficulties

Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology volume 3, pages 357–362 (2007)Cite this article

Abstract

Background A 19-year-old woman with newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presented with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypertension, tonic-clonic seizures, blurry vision, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency.

Investigations At a general hospital, the investigations included brain MRI, echocardiography, laboratory tests including measurement of the amount of protein excreted daily, platelet count, levels of lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine and anticardiolipin antibodies, direct Coombs' test, peripheral blood smear, and measurement of blood pressure. At a tertiary institution the investigations included physical examination, electroencephalography, brain MRI, magnetic resonance angiography, repetition of laboratory tests plus measurement of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease activity, measurement of levels of antibodies to double-stranded DNA and platelets, and renal biopsy.

Diagnosis Thrombotic microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with a possible underlying diagnosis of malignant hypertension, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, or active SLE.

Management At the general hospital, therapy included a single dose of intravenous cyclophosphamide 500 mg, eight daily plasma exchange treatments, three daily infusions of methylprednisolone 1 g followed by methylprednisolone 60 mg every 8 h, an infusion of rituximab 657 mg and ultrafiltration via hemodialysis. At the tertiary institution, therapy included an infusion of cyclophosphamide 650 mg, aspirin 81 mg daily, prednisone 40 mg daily, mycophenolate mofetil 750 mg twice daily, and aggressive management of hypertension.

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Figure 1: A photomicrograph of a glomerulus under light microscopy that shows a membranoproliferative pattern and cellular crescents
Figure 2: A photomicrograph of an afferent arteriole with marked luminal narrowing under light microscopy
Figure 3: Electron micrograph of a segment of glomerular basement membrane that shows widening of the subendothelial space (indicated by an asterisk)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. AA Shah is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,

    Ami A Shah

  2. JP Higgins is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pathology and EF Chakravarty is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,

    John P Higgins & Eliza F Chakravarty

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  1. Ami A Shah
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  3. Eliza F Chakravarty
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Correspondence to Eliza F Chakravarty.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Shah, A., Higgins, J. & Chakravarty, E. Thrombotic microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in a patient with SLE: diagnostic difficulties. Nat Rev Rheumatol 3, 357–362 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncprheum0511

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