While there is some qualitative understanding of how excess protons behave in acidic aqueous solutions, there is still much to learn about the structures they form with water molecules. Now, 2D infrared spectroscopy has enabled the definite identification of the 'Zundel cation' in protonated liquid water and an approximate determination of its lifetime.
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Agmon, N. The acid test for water structure. Nature Chem 8, 206–207 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2465
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2465
