Arterial hypertension is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although this is the consequence of several pathways, the common mechanism is the functional and anatomic remodeling in blood vessels, not only in the larger arteries, but in the microcirculation as well. In fact, long before the clinical manifestations of hypertension, the microcirculation is affected.1 This is the reason why hypertensive patients frequently have signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia, despite angiographically normal coronary arteries.2 The current guidelines recommend that blood pressure control should be achieved as soon and effectively as possible to reduce cardiovascular outcomes.3
As a result, it is likely that use of antihypertensive agents that improve coronary flow reserve, regardless of blood pressure reduction, will translate into better results. Recently, Hinoi et al.4 compared the effect of an angiotensin receptor blocker, telmisartan, with that of a calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, on coronary flow reserve among essential hypertensive patients without left ventricular hypertrophy. In this study, a total of 40 consecutive essential hypertensive patients were randomized daily to 40 mg telmisartan or 20 mg nifedipine coat-core treatment. After 12 weeks of treatment, the telmisartan and nifedipine groups showed similar declines in blood pressure. However, interestingly, at the study end, coronary flow reserve was improved in the telmisartan group (2.4±0.4 to 2.9±0.4; P<0.01), but not in the nifedipine group (2.5±0.3 to 2.5±0.3; P=NS). Is this effect associated only with telmisartan or by contrast, could this effect be extended to other inhibitors of rennin–angiotensin system?
It has been reported that angiotensin II, through several mechanism that include vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, release of growth factors, or cell growth and migration, has a core role at the beginning of these vascular alterations.5 A recent clinical trial compared the effects of candesartan vs. placebo on the coronary flow reserve after 3 months of therapy in a hypertensive population.6 This study showed that candesartan improved the coronary flow reserve in these patients and notably, this improvement was not related to blood pressure control or to left ventricular mass index regression. Moreover, the effects of candesartan were higher in those patients with a lower baseline coronary flow reserve.
All these data show that the angiotensin receptor blockers have a beneficial effect beyond blood pressure reduction,7 and importantly, this effect begins likely before other antihypertensive agents do, as shown by the effect on coronary flow reserve.
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Barrios, V., Escobar, C. & Echarri, R. Coronary flow reserve: a new target for treating hypertension. Hypertens Res 32, 316 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2009.15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2009.15
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