Guillain–Barre syndrome is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy often triggered by a preceding infection,1 of which Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), characterized by the clinical triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia, is considered to be a variant.2 Nearly half of patients with MFS demonstrate decreased pupillary reactions and mydriasis.3 A literature search did not reveal any reports of an association between MFS and acute angle closure (AAC). We therefore describe the first case of MFS as the precipitating factor for an attack of AAC.
Case report
A 64-year-old man presented with a 5-day history of ataxia, and diplopia with a preceding malaise and general myalgia. Initial neurological examination demonstrated dysarthria, bilateral positive cerebellar signs, weak proximal muscle groups, hyporeflexia, and hypertonia, with reduced sensation to light touch, vibration, and joint position. Cardiovascular examination revealed autonomic instability with hypertension 210/120 mmHg and tachycardia (100 bpm). Abdominal and respiratory examinations were normal. Ocular movements were reduced in abduction bilaterally, and there was a left ptosis. Pupillary reactions were equal but poorly reactive to light and accommodation, remaining mid-dilated. A diagnosis of Miller–Fisher variant of Guillain–Barre syndrome was made and intravenous pooled immunoglobulins commenced.
At 4 days into his admission, he complained of a reduction in left visual acuity and was referred to the ophthalmology on-call team. Initial examination revealed a vision of hand movements in the left eye and 6/9 in the right eye without improvement, and bilateral sixth nerve palsies. There was mild conjunctival injection, left corneal oedema, bilateral mid-dilated pupils, and intraocular pressures were 20 mmHg on the right and 56 mmHg on the left eye. Gonioscopy revealed closed angles on the left and Schaffer grade 1 angle on the right; the anterior chambers were shallow centrally, the crystalline lens was clear. Treatment commenced with g-timolol BD, g-iopidine TDS, g-latanoprost nocte, and oral acetazolamide 250 mg QDS. The next day, his pressures were 13 mmHg in the right eye and 6 mmHg in the left eye. Bilateral YAG laser peripheral iridotomies were performed. Subsequently, his vision has improved to 6/6 OD and 6/12 OS, with refractive correction of +1.25DS/+0.25DC × 99° OD and +4.00DS/+0.25DC × 51° OS. His axial lengths were 22.68 mm in the right eye and 21.60 mm in the left eye with anterior chamber depths being 2.64 mm in the right eye and 2.59 mm in the left eye.
Comment
Primary angle closure results from peripheral iris apposition with the trabecular meshwork, creating an increased resistance to the outflow of aqueous humour from the anterior chamber in anatomically predisposed eyes. Risk factors for the development of angle closure glaucoma include older age, female gender, narrow angles, Asian ethnicity, and shallow anterior chamber depth.4 The risk of mydriasis resulting in an episode of AAC is approximately 0.03% after pharmacological dilatation with tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 5%5 in a normal Caucasian population. We suggest that the constant mydriasis due to pupillary sphincter paralysis in an at-risk, hyperopic eye, with a shallow anterior chamber, resulted in angle occlusion.
Clinicians should be aware that all patients suffering from an autonomic neuropathy, who complain of deterioration in vision, with or without a red eye, should have an ophthalmologic assessment to exclude AAC.
References
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Friedman DS, Gazzard G, Foster P, Devereux J, Broman A, Quigley H et al Ultrasonographic biomicroscopy, Scheimpflug photography, and novel provocative tests in contralateral eyes of Chinese patients initially seen with acute angle-closure. Arch Ophthalmol 2003; 121(5): 633–642.
Wolfs RC, Grobbee DE, Hofman A, de Jong PT . Risk of acute angle-closure glaucoma after diagnostic mydriasis in nonselected subjects: the Rotterdam Study. Invest Ophth Vis Sci 1997; 38(12): 2683–2687.
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Brittain, C., Lake, D. Acute angle closure in Miller Fisher syndrome. Eye 20, 739–740 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6701986
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6701986
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