Thirty seven years after Cairns described the procedure, trabeculectomy remains the operation of choice for patients with uncontrolled glaucoma. Trabeculectomy has survived predictions forecasting its imminent demise following arrival of topical prostaglandins and nonpenetrating surgery. Indeed, the recent demonstration that effective pressure reduction protects against progressive field loss may promote an increased use of trabeculectomy surgery.
The publication of the early manifest glaucoma trial has shown that glaucoma patients with consistently low intraocular pressures have a significant reduction in the progression of their visual field loss.1 Trabeculectomy remains perhaps the most effective method for reducing the intraocular pressure to those safer levels between 10 and 15 mmHg.
Several authors including Migdal and Jay2,3 have investigated the proposal that early tabeculectomy surgery represents the optimal method for preventing glaucoma damage. Their results have supported the hypothesis that primary surgery may have a role to play in management of some patients. Most surgeons, however, employ trabeculectomy surgery only when conventional medical management has failed, their reservation about primary surgery reflecting anxiety about the associated risks (eg cataract, hypotony) allied to concern about allocation of resource.
Trabeculectomy surgery has not stood still since its inception. Improved understanding of both the causes of surgical failure and the aetiology of many surgical complications has led to a number of advances including releasable flap sutures4 and the employment of antimetabolites to prevent closure of the drainage fistula.5 Modern trabeculectomy surgery can be considered a safer and more predictable procedure than its earlier incarnations.
Indeed, it is the recognition that improved understanding of the natural history of trabeculectomy surgery facilitates the management of a given patient or population of patients with glaucoma. The awareness that black patients (who are often predisposed to severe glaucoma at a young age) are prone to a vigorous healing response resulting in closure of their drainage fistula, has led to the widespread employment of antimetabolites in these patient groups.
While several large epidemiological studies have generated data pertaining to the prevalence and severity of glaucoma in black patients in the United States6 and the Caribbean,7 there have been fewer studies investigating the populations of east Asia.8 Moreover, there is a need for prospective studies to evaluate the natural history of open-angle glaucoma in these same populations.
The paper from Husain in this journal represents a valuable review of those factors, which influence the outcome of trabeculectomy surgery in the people of east Asia. This population is already large and growing rapidly. At present, there is little evidence to quantify the outcome of surgery in this population, nor indeed to guide the clinician on selection of the most suitable surgical technique to employ for this patient group.
East Asia has huge variations in per-capita income allied to availability of modern medical care. Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia and areas of China have a high gross national product (GNP) and access to the most modern medical technologies. In these areas it is likely that trabeculectomy surgery will be utilized in the same way as in the West—as one treatment option among several. Other countries, including Loas, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam or the Philippines have a GDP low on the World Bank league table. In these areas, access to any treatment may be difficult or impossible. In such areas, it may be appropriate to consider primary trabeculectomy surgery as the initial treatment of choice for patients with severe glaucoma.
The role of both primary trabeculectomy9 and primary cycloablation10 using the diode laser has been investigated in west Africa as the initial treatment where the alternative may be no treatment at all. Before advocating such an approach using trabeculectomy for the poorest areas of east Asia it would be vital to understand the natural history of this form of surgery. Husain has shown that this is still poorly understood and that further work is required in this area.
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Diamond, J. Trabeculectomy around the globe. Eye 19, 241–242 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6701601
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6701601